Characteristics of the Shuanghu graben and Cenozoic extension in northern Tibet

The latest Qiangtang Terrane structure is characterized by the south-north-trending graben formed during the eastwestward extensional processes. The Shuanghu graben is composed of a series of nearly parallel NE to NNE-trending normal faults. Studies on fault geometry, kinematics and sedimentation in the fault-controlled basin suggest that the faults activated periodically and their early activities began in the Pliocene, which caused the unconformable contact between the Pliocene and the subjacent Shuanghu Formation, as well as between the Pliocene and the overlying Quaternary. The movement rates of the faults had been strikingly increased since Quaternary when the faults activated intensively. The graben resulted from the gravitational spreading after the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. It is indicated that the collapse has been on setting in plateau hinterland.     

Unsupervised fuzzy neural network structural active pulse controller

Applying active control systems to civil engineering structures subjected to dynamic loading has received increasing interest. This study proposes an active pulse control model, termed unsupervised fuzzy neural network structural active pulse controller (UFN‐SAP controller), for controlling civil engineering structures under dynamic loading. The proposed controller combines an unsupervised neural network classification (UNC) model, an unsupervised fuzzy neural network (UFN) reasoning model, and an active pulse control strategy. The UFN‐SAP controller minimizes structural cumulative responses during earthquakes by applying active pulse control forces determined via the UFN model based on the clusters, classified through the UNC model, with their corresponding control forces. Herein, we assume that the effect of the pulses on structure is delayed until just before the next sampling time so that the control force can be calculated in time, and applied. The UFN‐SAP controller also averts the difficulty of obtaining system parameters for a real structure for the algorithm to allow active structural control. Illustrative examples reveal significant reductions in cumulative structural responses, proving the feasibility of applying the adaptive unsupervised neural network with the fuzzy classification approach to control civil engineering structures under dynamic loading. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A probabilistic assessment of eruption recurrence on Taveuni volcano, Fiji

Taveuni, a 437-km² oceanic intraplate volcano in the northeastern Fiji Group, has been active throughout the Holocene and currently has a rapidly growing population. Alkali basalt magmas were erupted through monogenetic vents at constantly shifting locations along a SW-striking rift zone. Hence, quantification of volcanic hazard, in both spatial and temporal terms, is of great importance for disaster management and development agencies. Unlike previous probabilistic assessments of hazards in volcanic fields, the activity on Taveuni is both more recent and on a lesser spatial scale. This enables us to focus our attention on different aspects of the analysis. In particular, we propose a first attempt at dealing with the imprecision and inaccuracy inherent in volcanic eruption age data obtained via radiocarbon dating. Our results indicate that volcanic activity on Taveuni has a tendency to occur in episodes. If this tendency is strong, the present hazard may be considerably greater than otherwise supposed. We also confirm an apparent tendency for the volcanic activity to migrate southwards along the Taveuni rift axis towards the most densely settled area, and also the widest axial vent zone. This indicates that the risk from volcanic activity is again higher than might otherwise be supposed. We estimate a Taveuni-wide probability of0.56 for renewed activity within the next 50 years. Such quantitative results can be utilised within loss estimations during the planning stages of new infrastructure and business developments at various locations on the island.     

Multiscale analysis of vegetation surface fluxes: from seconds to years

The variability in land surface heat (H), water vapor (LE), and CO₂ (or net ecosystem exchange, NEE) fluxes was investigated at scales ranging from fractions of seconds to years using eddy-covariance flux measurements above a pine forest. Because these fluxes significantly vary at all these time scales and because large gaps in the record are unavoidable in such experiments, standard Fourier expansion methods for computing the spectral and cospectral statistical properties were not possible. Instead, orthonormal wavelet transformations are proposed and used. The are ideal at resolving process variability with respect to both scale and time and are able to isolate and remove the effects of missing data (or gaps) from spectral and cospectral calculations. Using the spectra, we demonstrated unique aspects in three appropriate ranges of time scales: turbulent time scales (fractions of seconds to minutes), meteorological time scales (hour to weeks), and seasonal to interannual time scales corresponding to climate and vegetation dynamics. We have shown that: (1) existing turbulence theories describe the short time scales well, (2) coupled physiological and transport models (e.g. CANVEG) reproduce the wavelet spectral characteristics of all three land surface fluxes for meteorological time scales, and (3) seasonal dynamics in vegetation physiology and structure inject strong correlations between land surface fluxes and forcing variables at monthly to seasonal time scales. The broad implications of this study center on the possibility of developing low-dimensional models of land surface water, energy, and carbon exchange. If the bulk of the flux variability is dominated by a narrow band or bands of modes, and these modes “resonate” with key state and forcing variables, then low-dimensional models may relate these forcing and state variables to NEE and LE.     

广东地区断裂安全度的计算

以准静态非稳定地震模型为理论依据，采用二维有限元方法与正交设计法，联合反演本世纪以来广东省及其邻近地区的５次强震活动对断裂安全度的影响。进行探讨潜在的地震危险区。结果表明，断裂安全度下降剧烈特别是安全度接近为零的地区具有较大的危险性。阳江地震以后，广东东部的几条北西断裂安全度数值较低，最近期地震危险最突出的地段。此外，珠江三角洲南侧的北东东向断裂与北西向断裂的交汇处也具有一定的潜在地震危险。     

浙江长兴煤山二叠-三叠系界线层牙形石序列及其全球对比

在详细研究全球二叠－三叠系界线层候选剖面───中国浙江长兴煤山剖面Ｐ／Ｔ界线层牙形石动物群序列基础上，自下而上识别出４个牙形石带：（１）ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃｈａｎｇｘｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｄｅｆｌｅｃｔａ带；（２）Ｉｓａｒｃｉｃｅｌｌａｐａｒｖａ带；（３）Ｉｓａｒｃｉｃｅｌｌａｉｓａｒｃｉｃａ带；（４）ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃａｒｉｎａｔａＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｐｌａｎａｔａ带，并在第一带中划分出３个动物群，从下向上是：ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃｈａｎｇｚｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｄｅｆｌｅｃｔａ－Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｓｕｂｃａｒｉｎａｔａ动物群，Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｌａｔｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ－Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｍｅｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．动物群和Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｔｙｐｉｃａｌｉｓ动物群，煤山剖面二叠、三叠系界线层牙形石序列的建立、完善，对确立该剖面在全球二叠、三在系界线高精度对比中的标准地位具重要意义。     

Blocking and trapping of waves in an inhomogeneous flow

The blocking and trapping of waves and wave packets by inhomogeneous flow fields were studied in a laboratory setting. Evidence for multiple reflections and thus trapping within the current gradient zone near the blocking point are the main results obtained, and lead to the following conclusions: (1) a strong current gradient zone near the blocking point can trap wave energy, which will shift the wavenumbers into the capillary region, to match the microwave wavelength of many remote sensing instruments; (2) this mechanism provides a direct link between strong current gradient zones (bathymetric features in tidal flows, eddies, current boundaries, etc.) and the surface wave structure, which in turn allows instruments such as the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to form images of bottom features based solely on the small wave conditions; (3) an indication of direct energy transfer from the carrier waves to low-frequency waves was also observed, and resolved by wavelet analsysis. The instantaneous spectra from wavelet analysis reveal that a large portion of wave energy transfers directly into the low-frequency band from the carrier waves at the trapping zone. Subharmonics may play a critical role in the energy transfer process, but details are still to be established.     

扬子区晚二叠世—中三叠世海平面变化

本文首先介绍了建立扬子地台晚二叠世－中三叠世海平面变化曲线的步骤，即将由生境型得出的水深曲线按阶转换为海平面变化曲线，然后将扬子区曲线与世界曲线进行了比较，结果表明，晚二叠世至Ｇｒｉｅｓｂａｃｈｉａｎ期，由于世界上绝大部分地区缺上二叠统海相地层序列，扬子区曲线的这一部分可作为修改世界曲线的重要参考，扬子区早－中三叠世短期变化曲线与世界曲线一致，而长期曲线则不相符，扬子区的长期曲线对受印支运动影响的     

闽中北冰雹概念模型

通过对近 1 0年 6 4次降雹过程进行分析 ,将天气类型分为 3种 ,然后归纳总结各天气型下的雹云源地、路径、回波特征、物理量特征 ,建立闽中北冰雹 3种概念模型     

阳原-张北壳幔过渡带复杂性特征及其构造意义

研究区位于华北盆地西北、近东西向的燕山台褶带、北东向的山西断隆接合部.该区域及其周围构造复杂并且地震活动频繁.