航空企业视角的中国航空客运网络组织模式

基于37个中国航空企业的航班大数据,选取对外联系度、异（同）配性系数、层次分析、优势生态位分析等方法对中国航空客运网络组织模式进行分析。研究发现：① 中国航空网络发育整体趋于成熟,已形成明显的层次性和核心-边缘结构,航空企业的航空网络均蕴藏位序-规模规律,依据其机场节点、航线和航班数量可划分为6个层级;② 依据企业视角与网络规模、层次性与同配性/异配性等指标的综合度量,中国航空企业的网络组织模式可划分为核心培育阶段、核心竞争阶段、过渡阶段与稳定增长阶段4种类型;③ 航空企业的航空网络包括核心-边缘同配性网络和核心-边缘异配性网络,企业间竞争焦点主要表现为“核心”的竞争;④ 结合航空客运网络组织模式的判定,当前中国航空网络存在两条收敛规律：层次性收敛与同配性/异配性收敛;⑤ 实力强、规模大的航空企业在全国通航城市的比例分布均匀,具有较高生态位;实力弱、规模小的航空企业在全国通航城市的分布具有区域性且比例不均,生态位较低。为优化航空网络结构、避免企业恶性竞争,中国不同等级的航空企业一方面需结合自身发展阶段不断优化网络组织模式,寻求与企业等级相适应的生态优势位;另一方面要加强合作,避免航线饱和问题,提高整个航空网络的韧性和运营效率。     

渭河上游地区樊家城黄土-古土壤剖面Rb、Sr、Ba存留特征及意义

选择渭河上游樊家城全新世黄土-古土壤剖面为研究对象,对该剖面元素Rb、Sr、Ba含量和磁化率、粒度、CaCO₃进行了测定。结果表明：Rb、Sr、Ba含量及Rb/Sr、Ba/Sr比值与磁化率、粒度、CaCO₃含量显著相关,能够指示渭河上游地区全新世的气候变化。剖面中古土壤层的磁化率、黏粒、Rb/Sr、Ba/Sr以及元素Rb、Ba含量高于黄土层,CaCO₃、Sr含量小于黄土层,指示渭河上游地区古土壤层（S₀）形成时期主要受夏季风影响,气候温暖湿润,淋溶作用强,风化成壤作用强;而黄土层形成时期主要受冬季风影响,气候相对冷干,淋溶作用弱,风化成壤作用弱。在全新世中期,古土壤层S₀¹与S₀²之间的黄土夹层,反映了渭河上游地区在全新世大暖期的6 000~5 000 a BP期间气候显著恶化。     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene extreme hydrological event records from slackwater flood deposits of the Ankang east reach in the upper Hanjiang River valley,China

This paper reports an investigation into palaeoflooding along the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River valley, China. Based on the sedimentary evidence of the palaeohydrological regime, two bedsets of palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) were identified interbedded within the Holocene loess–soil sequence along the riverbanks of the Ankang east reach. Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating and stratigraphical correlation with previously dated sites were used to reconstruct the chronology of the palaeoflood events. The results show that the palaeoflood events represented by SWD1 occurred between 13 000 and 12 400 a, coincident with the climatic transition from the Bølling–Allerød (BL+AL) stage to the Younger Dryas (YD) event. The palaeoflood events recorded by SWD2 were dated to 1000–800 a, corresponding to the later stages of the North Song Dynasty (AD 960–1127) and the subsequent South Song Dynasty (AD 1127–1279), which was a time of climatic decline according to historical documents. Palaeoflood discharges were estimated using the step‐backwater method, and the peak discharges were estimated to be in the range 35 200–47 400 m³ s^?1. These results are of significance to our understanding of the regional hydrological response to global climatic change, the utilization of water resources, hydraulic engineering, flood control and disaster reduction.     

Ambiguity in the altitude effect of precipitation isotopes for estimating groundwater recharge elevation and paleoelevation reconstruction in the leeward side of a mountain

The altitude effect of isotopes in precipitation is not as significant on the leeward side of a mountain as it is on the windward side, which makes it difficult to use isotopes at leeward sites, especially if estimating elevation of groundwater recharge or reconstructing paleoelevations. Samples of precipitation were taken at three stations with different elevations—2,306–3,243 m above mean sea level (asl)—on the leeward side of the Meili Snow Mountains on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from August 2017 to July 2018. The isotope vs. altitude gradients were calculated based on two adjacent stations at the daily, monthly, and annual scales. Most of the gradients are beyond the global ranges of –0.5 to –0.1‰ per 100 m for δ¹⁸O and –5 to –1‰ per 100 m for δ²H, and some of the gradients are even positive. Local processes of sub-cloud evaporation and mixing with recycled moisture are identified for the ambiguous altitude effect, while regional atmospheric circulation processes dominate the major patterns of stable isotope variation at the three stations. The groundwater recharge elevation is estimated to be in a very large range, 2,562–6,321 m asl, which could be caused by the differences in isotope vs. altitude gradient in the studied catchments. Considering the complex atmospheric processes affecting precipitation isotopes, sampling of event-based/monthly precipitation at more than two altitudes for at least one complete hydrological year is a minimum requirement to establish a reasonable isotope vs. altitude gradient.

     

常德市地下水应急水源地应急供水可行性评价及方案研究

寻找地下水应急水源地、建立应急供水机制,是城市发生日常供水障碍时保障居民用水安全、维护社会稳定的重要措施。通过分析常德市规划区水文地质条件,圈定了5个地下水应急水源地,总结了同类型城市地下水应急水源地的选址原则,并从水量、水质、开采能力3个方面对水源地进行了可行性分析。结合现有城市供水管网及地下水开采井保留情况,分别考虑了人均用水量最低标准20 L/d和一般标准50 L/d两种状态下的应急供水方案。应急供水每人20 L/d状态下,保留井的现有供水能力可以满足应急供水需求,而应急供水每人50 L/d状态下,河洑水源地和芦荻山水源地保留井的现有供水能力不足,建议增加开采井以满足应急供水需求。     

基于Android和iOS的极地移动信息平台设计与开发

以智能手机为载体的移动互联网迅速发展,其中Android(安卓)和i OS(苹果移动操作系统)占绝大多数。本文以Android和i OS为开发平台,设计实现了中国南北极考察数据浏览与互动的移动信息平台——掌上两极。该平台已通过专家评审并在苹果应用商店和安卓市场正式发布,为极地管理部门、科研人员和社会公众便捷、快速获取极地相关信息提供了新的通道。     

1961—2014年江苏省降水集中度的非均匀性特征

基于江苏省66个站点逐日降水观测资料,利用降水集中度指数PCD和Q,分析了1961—2014年江苏省降水集中度的非均匀性特征。结果表明：1） 江苏省降水集中度指数PCD和Q的历年平均值分别为0416和0353,PCD年际变化较大,多年呈减小的趋势,而Q的年际变化较小,呈增大趋势,但PCD和Q的多年变化趋势均较小。2） 全省从北部到南部降水集中程度逐渐减小,即江苏省北部地区降水比南部地区集中,但前者的降水集中时段较后者略晚。3） 多水年的降水集中度指数PCD比少水年大,即多水年降水比少水年更集中,而Q值在多水年和少水年差别不大,甚至少水年降水更集中。4） 降水集中度指数PCD和Q在多水年和少水年的空间分布均呈现“北高南低”特征,无论多水年还是少水年,江苏省北部地区降水均比南部更为集中。     

Sequestration of metals through association with pyrite in subtidal sediments of the Nanpaishui Estuary on the Western Bank of the Bohai Sea, China

Measurements were made of the degree of trace metal pyritization (DTMP) and ancillary characteristics of four undisturbed sediment cores collected from the subtidal zone of the Nanpaishui Estuary on the Western Bank of the Bohai Sea, a seriously polluted inland sea in northeastern China. The remarkably low concentrations of organic carbon (<0.72%) in these sediments likely constrained sulfate reduction rates, and the low concentrations of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) (<12.5 μmol g⁻¹) limited the sequestration of metals through association with pyrite. The most consistent cause of inter-station differences and depth variations in the degree of pyritization was differences in pyrite metal concentrations rather than reactive metal concentrations. Reactive metal concentrations were in several cases negatively correlated with pore water concentrations, consistent with a dissolution/precipitation mechanism. The relationship between pore water metal concentrations and DTMPs was evidenced by a qualitative similarity of the inter-station variability of these same parameters.     

Periodic exposure to ambient solar irradiance benefits the growth of juvenile seedlings of Hizikia fusiformis

In our trials, from 2007 to 2008, of mass production of seedlings of Hizikia fusiformis using synchronization techniques, problems of a "dark thalli" phenomenon and epiphytes contamination severely threatened the health of juvenile seedlings. In this investigation, we optimized conditions for improving the growth of juvenile seedlings. Seven string collectors were seeded with zygotes and a series of experiments were conducted including direct exposure to solar irradiance, co-culture with Ulva spp. and treatment with sodium hypochlorite. It was found that direct exposure to solar irradiance (maximum: 1 740 μmol photons/(m2?s)) for 2 h per day could efficiently enhance the growth of young seedlings and simultaneously inhibit the growth of epiphytic algae. In this treatment, 50-day old seedlings could reach an average of 0.44 cm in length and possess up to nine leaflets. However, a single treatment with 18-mmol/L sodium hypochlorite for 10 min severely harmed 15-day old seedlings. In comparison, weekly treatment with 2.2-mmol/L sodium hypochlorite for 10 min brought no apparent harm to seedlings and eliminated epiphytic algae efficiently. However, this treatment significantly increased the detachment rate of seedlings. Inoculating Ulva spp. onto the collector caused a dramatic decrease in the number of seedlings. However, the growth of the remaining seedlings appeared unhampered. All collectors except the control were daily sprayed with a high pressure water jet from the 8th day post fertilization. From the first day to 50th day, no "dark thallus" was observed on any of the seven collectors. We believe that well-timed daily exposure to solar irradiance would favor H. fusiformis in its early growing stages.