1956—2018年青海省黄河流域降水变化特征分析及预测

本研究基于1956—2018年31个气象站月值降水数据,采用M-K检验、Pettitt检验、Morlet小波分析、ARIMA模型等方法,分析青海省黄河流域近63年包括趋势、突变、周期在内的降水量特性以及验证未来5年降水趋势预测变化的合理性。结果表明:(1)近63年青海省黄河流域降水具有集中程度高、年内分配不均、丰枯季明显的特点;不同年代的月均降水量均集中在4—10月,且未来月均降水量有上升的变化趋势。(2)年降水量呈显著增长趋势,增长率为(9.07 mm/10 a),春季和冬季降水增长趋势显著,夏季和秋季降水无显著的增长趋势,2004年为该流域大的降水转折年。(3)年降水时间序列存在23~32 a,15~20 a,9~13 a以及4~6 a的周期变化规律,四级降水主周期分别对应30、15、11和6 a时间尺度。(4)ARIMA(2,1,4)模型能够较好地拟合1956—2018年降水序列并对2019—2023年降水数据合理预测;线性回归及M-K检验分析结果显示1956—2023年降水序列呈显著增长趋势,增长率为(9.22 mm/10 a),与趋势预测结果相一致;ARIMA(2,1,4)模型可以对青海省黄河流域进行短期年降水量预测,为当地水资源合理规划和管理提供参考。     

基于生活实践的人与自然生命共同体构建——西藏夏乌村案例

人与自然的关系是地理学的核心话题。以西藏夏乌村为研究案例地,基于半结构化访谈、参与式观察等质性方法,从日常生活实践视角,透视地方社会与自然的关系,剖析人与自然生命共同体何以构建。经研究发现：① 藏族村民与青稞（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste ）、耕牛互动时,借助物质、情感、空间以及身份转型等多重生活实践策略与后者联结,经由人的自然化实践,建构起表征型人与自然的生命共同体。此时,青稞和耕牛作为工具化的自然,是村民的身体表征,在人类行动者缺场或受限时,扮演为日常生活叙事的角色。② 藏族村民与虫草（Cordyceps）、猕猴（Macaca）互动时,借助意义、制度、空间协商等生活实践策略与后者建立联系,经由自然的人化实践,建构起链接型人与自然生命共同体。此时,虫草和猕猴作为对象化的自然,被社会所建构,并赋予社会生命,逐渐嵌入日常生活。     

黄河宁蒙段沉积物地球化学元素组成及分布特征北大核心CSCD

黄河宁蒙段穿越腾格里沙漠、河东沙地、乌兰布和沙漠和库布齐沙漠,风沙水沙交互强烈,形成典型的沙漠宽谷冲积河道。对黄河河道及周边沙源区沉积物进行了系统的采集、测定、分析工作。结果表明:宁蒙河段沉积物相对富集SiO_(2)、CaO、Al_(2)O_(3)、Ce、Zr、Hf和Nd,亏损K_(2)O、Na_(2)O、Rb、Zn、Ni和Sr。与周边沙源区对比,黄河宁夏段下河沿上游河道、清水河、腾格里沙漠和河东沙地沉积物均富集Co和Ti,亏损Sr、Ni、Hf和Y,且Hf、Ni、Y、Zn、MgO和CaO含量的变异系数较大。在内蒙古段,来自乌海上游河道、乌兰布和沙漠、库布齐沙漠和十大孔兑的沉积物相对富集Co和Ti,亏损Hf,Ni和Y,其中Cr、Hf、Ni、Y、Zn和MgO的元素含量变异系数较大。黄河宁蒙河段沉积物化学元素空间分布特征具有明显的波动和差异性,主要受到岩性、气候和局地物源输入的影响。     

华南前汛期垂直温差与强对流天气发生频率

利用2004-2009年3-6月清远站探空资料,得到垂直方向11种温差,对它们与强对流的相关性进行统计,选出相关性较高的850与700、850与500、400与100 hPa等压面垂直温度(T(850-700)、T(850-500)和T(400-100))进行研究,对其在各区间出现强对流的频率进行统计.结果表明,不同月份强对流日低空温差变化幅度较小,高空温差变化幅度较大;随着低空温差和高空温差的增加,强对流的频率基本上呈增加的趋势;强对流主要集中在T(850-500)＞20℃、T(850-700)＞6℃的区域,T(400-100)为64～66℃、T(850-500)为23～26℃、T(850-700)为8～11℃的区域频率更高;对于大范围强对流天气,T(850-500) ＞24℃或T(850-700)达到10℃时,通常是风雨相伴,大范围强降水为主的可能性极小;T(400-100) ＜60℃时,出现大范围强降水的可能性非常小.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001521

The Tarim Basin is a representative example of the basins developed in the northwest China that are characterized by multiple stages of heating and cooling.In order to better understand its complex thermal history,apatite fission track （AFT） thermochronology was applied to borehole samples from the Tazhong Uplift Zone （TUZ）.Twelve sedimentary samples of Silurian to Triassic depositional ages were analyzed from depths coinciding with the apatite partial annealing zone （～60-120 ℃）.The AFT ages,ranging from 132 ± 7 Ma （from a Triassic sample） to 25 ± 2 Ma （from a Carboniferous sample）,are clearly younger than their depositional ages and demonstrate a total resetting of the AFT thermometer after deposition.The AFT ages vary among different tectonic belts and decrease from the No.Ten Faulted Zone （133-105 Ma） in the northwest,the Central Horst Zone in the middle （108-37 Ma）,to the East Buried Hill Zone in the south （51 25 Ma）.Given the low magnitude of post-Triassic burial heating evidenced by low vitrinite reflectance values （Ro ＜ 0.7％）,the total resetting of the AFT system is speculated to result from the hot fluid flow along the faults.Thermal effects along the faults are well documented by younger AFT ages and unimodal single grain age distributions in the vicinity of the faults.Permian-early Triassic basaltic volcanism may be responsible for the early Triassic total annealing of those samples lacking connectivity with the fault.The above arguments are supported by thermal modeling results.     

Nitrate in groundwater and the unsaturated zone in (semi)arid northern China: baseline and factors controlling its transport and fate

Knowledge of the baseline of groundwater nitrate is essential for water quality management. As large-scale anthropogenic activities, especially utilization of chemical fertilizers began from the 1950s in most countries, such as China, the baseline of groundwater nitrate can be determined from pre-modern water using tritium and statistical analysis. In the (semi)arid northern China, the median values of nitrate baseline for the three large regions (Tarim river basin, TRB; Loess Plateau of China, LPC; North China Plain, NCP) range from 2 to 9 mg/L (as NO₃). Several main factors control nitrate content in the unsaturated zone moisture and in groundwater, e.g., nitrate input, sediment moisture movement (direction and rate), and depth of water table at the macroscopic scale in (semi)arid areas, where nitrate loss by denitrification can be limited. Sixteen unsaturated zone profiles (638 sediment samples in total) with depths ranging from 5 to 18.25 m were sampled to demonstrate how those factors affect groundwater nitrate. As sediment moisture moves upward from the water table in the TRB case, a large inventory of nitrate in the unsaturated zone with evapo-transpired origin would never enter groundwater and groundwater nitrate contents remain at the baseline level. On the contrary, in the LPC and NCP, nitrate from fertilizers may pass through the unsaturated zone and eventually reach the water table to pollute groundwater. It is also noticed that there is a time lag between land-use change and groundwater quality response, due to the buffering capacity of the thick unsaturated zone, to which attention should be paid regarding water quality management.     

Unification and harmonization in true color image city map

True color image city map is a sort of new-style map which combines the high resolution image and map symbols and shows both advantages in visualization. At the same time, the map unification and harmonization should be taken into account during the design process, since some visual conflicts appear when map symbols overlaid on the true color image. The objective of this research is to explore the rules in the process of true color image city map design based on chromatic and aesthetic knowledge. At the end, taking the Image Atlas of Guangzhou as an example, image color adjustment, road network presentation, and symbol designing issues will be discussed in the application.     

川西坳陷中段上三叠统须二段致密砂岩孔隙度演化史

川西坳陷深层上三叠统须家河组经历的地史时间长,构造期次多,成岩作用改造普遍,储层致密化严重,导致致密砂岩气藏成因机制研究困难,其中孔隙度演化史的研究是该区致密气藏成因类型的判识和天然气勘探的关键。在利用显微镜观察、扫描电镜分析、阴极发光分析等认识了储层成岩作用特征的基础上,结合自生矿物中流体包裹体的均一化温度和古地温梯度等,建立了须二段储层的成岩作用序列,并确定了成岩矿物形成时间。在充分考虑沉积过程中的粒度、分选性等岩相特征对原生孔隙的影响,及压实作用、胶结和溶蚀等成岩作用对孔隙度演化的影响前提下,分成岩作用阶段建立了孔隙度演化的定量模型。研究结果表明,川西坳陷须二段储层致密化时间较早,一般在晚成岩作用早期,即晚侏罗世的早期已经基本致密化,但不同的气藏由于储层的岩相特征和成岩作用特征存在差异,导致储层致密化时间存在一定差异。     

Changes in ionic and oxygen isotopic composition of the snow-firn pack at Baishui Glacier No. 1, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

To properly interpret climatic and environmental information recorded in ice cores retrieved in the temperate-glacier region, the post-depositional processes, especially the meltwater percolation, need to be well understood. From late April to mid-July 2006, two successive snow pits, site P1 located at 4,750?m a.s.l. in the ablation zone and site P2 at 4,900?m a.s.l. in the accumulation area at Baishui Glacier No. 1, Mt. Yulong, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, were excavated. Changes in soluble ions (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2?) and stable oxygen isotopes (??¹⁸O) in the snow pits were investigated. Before the melting period, soluble ions and ??¹⁸O exhibit pronounced seasonal variations, with high values in the upper snow-firn layer (accumulated in winter/spring season) and relatively low values in the lower firn layer (deposited in summer season), reflecting seasonal shift in the Indian summer monsoon and winter westerlies over the region. During the melting period, most ions in the upper snow-firn layer were leached with different efficiencies. Although no significant changes in ion concentrations in the lower firn layer were observed, the impurities in the upper snow-firn layer could be eluted down into the lower firn layer. However, the pre-melting isotopic stratigraphy remained relatively unchanged during the observation period, indicating that the influence of meltwater percolation on stable isotopes is less significant than that on soluble ions. This understanding is crucial for the interpretation of ice-core records in the monsoon temperate-glacier region.     

Geochemistry of a continental saline aquifer for CO2 sequestration: The Guantao formation in the Bohai Bay Basin,North China

The Neogene Guantao formation in the Beitang sag in the Bohai Bay Basin (BBB) of North China, a Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary basin of continental origin, has been chosen as a candidate for a pilot field test of CO₂ sequestration. Hydrogeological and geochemical investigations have been carried out to assess its suitability, taking advantage of many existing geothermal wells drilled to 2000 m or greater depths. Water samples from 25 wells and drill cores of three sections of the Guantao formation were collected for measurements of mineralogy, water chemistry and isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD, δ¹³C, ¹⁴C). Formation temperature estimated by chemical geothermometry is in the range of 60–80 °C. Geochemical modeling of water–rock–CO₂ interaction predicts a strong geochemical response to CO₂ injection. Besides the elevated porosity (33.6–38.7%) and high permeability (1150–1980 mD) of the Ng-III formation and a favorable reservoir–caprock combination, it is also found that the formation contains carbonates that will react with CO₂ after injection. The low salinity (TDS < 1.6 g/L) offers high CO₂ solubility. The ¹⁴C age of the formation water indicates a quasi-closed saline aquifer system over large time scales, the lateral sealing mechanism for CO₂ sequestration requires further investigation. The CO₂ storage capacity of the Guantao formation within the Beitang sag is estimated to be 17.03 Mt, assuming pure solubility trapping.