我国地球形状及重力场研究的进展

本文总结了我国解放三十年来重力学上的成就。首先叙述了我国普遍重力测量工作。此外,围绕天文大地测量网的天文点周围进行了十分密集的重力测量,以保证天文重力水准计算的精度。还进行了作为地球物理勘探及其他科学研究昕用的重力测量。由天文重力水准所得的天文大地高程异常图已经完成,空间异常及布格异常图正在编制之中。在理论研究方面,也进行了不少的工作。     

Sequence stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary strata in Luanping,Northern Hebei,China

Division and correlation of terrestrial J-K bound are a knotty-argued problem. The key to solving the problem is to find a deposition-continuous section. Owing to stratigraphic hiatus and organism-phylogeny break, we have been discussing the problem without any unitary criterion for several decades. Tectonic ac-tivities occurring strongly in the J-K transitional pe-riod caused commonly sedimentary omissions and frequently volcanic eruptions in northern Hebei Prov-ince, western Liaoning Prov…     

Geochemistry and origin of the giant Quaternary shallow gas accumulations in the eastern Qaidam Basin, NW China

This study provided an overview of the geological setting and geochemical characteristics of the Pleistocene shallow gas accumulations in the eastern Qaidam Basin, NW China. The five largest gas accumulations discovered in this region have a combined enclosure area of about 87 km² and 7.9 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of proven gas reserves. The dominance of methane (mostly more than 99.9%) and the δ¹³C and δD values of methane (−68.51 to −65.00‰ and −227.55 to −221.94‰, respectively) suggest that these gases are biogenic, derived from the degradation of sedimentary organic matter by methanogens under relatively low temperatures (<75 °C). A sufficient supply and adequate preservation of organic matter in the Pleistocene sediments was made possible by the lake basin’s high altitude (2600–3000 m), high water salinity (>15% TDS) and strong stratification. The deposition and extensive lateral occurrence of lacustrine – shoreline sands/silts in beach sand sheets and sand bars provided excellent reservoirs for the biogenic gas generated from adjacent rocks. Effective but dynamic gas seals are provided by a combination of factors, such as the intermittent vertical variation in the sediment lithologies, hydraulic trapping due to the mudstone water saturation, the hydrocarbon gradient created as the result of gas generation from potential caprocks, and the presence of a regional caprock consisting of 400–800 m of muds and evaporites. It appears that the most favorable traps for large gas accumulations occur on structural slopes near the major gas kitchen, and the prolific gas pools are often those large gentle anticlines with little faulting complication.     

Generation and accumulation of Quaternary shallow gas in eastern Qaidam Basin, NW China

1INTRODUCTION SHALLOW(MOSTLYBIOGENIC)GASACCOUNTSFOROVER20%OFTHEWORLD’SDISCOVEREDGASRESERVES(RICEAND CLAYPOOL,1981;CLAYPOOLANDKAPLAN,1974),AND REPRESENTSONEOFTHEUNCONVENTIONALENERGYSOURCES THATINCREASINGLYATTRACTTHEATTENTIONOFPETROLEUMGEOL OGISTS.NUMEROUS…     

地史过程中煤岩显微组分含量的恢复及其意义

在地史过程中煤岩显微组分的相对含量是变化的,用其现今实测值代替地史演化过程中的含量值计算生烃量势必产生误差。提出了一种恢复地史过程中煤岩显微组分相对含量的方法并进一步研究表明:煤岩中稳定组的相对含量在地史过程中变化最大,其次是镜质组和丝质组。用煤岩当前显微组分相对含量计算的地史过程中甲烷气、重烃气和液态烃的生成量较实际值要小,它们的最大偏差在理论上分别可达到14.04 % 、32.25%和 32.71 %.     

高地下水位条件下重盐碱洼地治理效果的初步观察*

禹城北丘洼属“半封闭重盐化咸水区”,潜水埋深浅,地下水矿化度高为其主要自然特征。对洼地采用区外引水、明渠灌、排、蓄等技术措施,进行综合治理,潜水埋深没有降低,却取得了显著治理效果。对这一客观现象的初步分析表明,明渠引水、蓄水,保证了干旱季节农田灌溉和对盐分的淋洗,有效地促使作物根系层的水盐下行;农田作物覆盖层不仅改善了近地层蒸发和土壤返盐的环境条件,而且作物蒸腾可有效地控制根系层盐分积累。     

Response of dry- and liquid-filled porous rocks to static and dynamic loading by variously-shaped projectiles

Summary The present investigation was undertaken to study the response of both dry and liquid-filled porous rocks to static and dynamic loading of penetrators with various tip shapes. Eighteen static and forty-eight dynamic tests were conducted involving 6.35 mm diameter indenters featuring flat, hemispherical and 60° conical tip shapes on three different rocks in the energy range from 1.57 to 5.63 J. Force-penetration data were collected by means of strain gages attached to the penetrators. For all three materials, the magnitude of the resistive forces for a given input energy decreased in the following order: (i) dynamic penetration into a dry sample, (ii) dynamic penetration into a fluid-filled specimen, (iii) static loading of the fluid-filled rock, and (iv) static, loading of the dry rock.An unusual observation for the dynamic force-penetration curves was the temporal disparity between the peak force and maximum deformation, which must be attributed to inertial factors. Based on the experimental data, an analytical rigid-body model was constructed that contained both a static and a dynamic component of the resistive force with the objective of quantifying the effect of dynamic loading and the presence of fluid on the response of the rocks. The dynamic component was portrayed as a viscous resistance proportional to the velocity of the penetrator and the contact surface area which is a function of the indentation. It was found that the model provides a good predictive capability for the dynamic force-indentation relations for prescribed materials and tip geometries upon use of but a single constant for the viscosity.This paper is dedicated to the memory of Corwin O. Rogers.     

50米气象塔风、温、湿自动采集处理系统

本文介绍五层风速、温度、湿度及三层风向观测系统。选用Apple-Ⅱ微机作为采样处理机,采样时间为10秒。主要工作为1.软件设计。2.用干湿球温度表进行测湿。为保证精度,对测湿系数A值作了重新测定,并对测湿误差作了详实分析。     

吉林省通榆县土地沙化现状分析与综合治理

通榆县是吉林省土地沙化最严重的典型县之一 ,沙化土地面积为 19 75 5× 10 4 hm2 ,占吉林省土地总面积的 2 3 0 %。日趋严重的土地沙化 ,己成为这一地区农业和经济可持续发展最为主要的障碍性因子。通榆县近几十年来的土地沙化 ,主要是在自然背景下 ,人为的影响因素强烈干扰所致 ;过度的人为经济活动对资源的破坏是造成本区土地沙化迅速发展的最主要原因。因此 ,必须坚持人与自然和谐共存的原则 ,并辅之以限制人为过度经济活动的配套措施 ,才能有效地防治土地沙化     

甘肃省秋季层状云冰雪晶粒子特征个例分析

利用安装有PMS探头、温湿仪和GPS的飞机 ,对 2 0 0 1年 10月 12日甘肃河西地区降水性层状云进行了探测。根据获取的资料分析了此次降水性层状云的冰雪晶特征 ,包括不同粒子的分布特性 ,给出不同温度下的冰雪晶粒子谱 ,还分析了粒子谱型随温度的变化及其包含的微物理机制。与我国其它地区的冰雪晶浓度比较认为 ,在一定的云水条件下 ,甘肃秋季层状云有较大的增雨催化潜力