基于机器学习算法的银川台阵资料自动化震相分析和定位

近年来快速发展的机器学习算法显著提高了震相拾取的精度和效率。采用卷积神经网络和递归神经网络的震相识别方法对银川台阵2019年6～7月的连续波形数据进行事件检测和P、 S震相拾取,并通过快速震相关联和事件定位得到了银川地区较全的地震目录。结果表明,当震相数小于10时,虽然可以检测出较多事件,但分布呈弥散状,与区域地震活动特征不符。进一步对震相数≥10的事件进行了人工复核。总体而言,随着震相数量的增加,事件的误检率逐步降低。震相数16是该地区自动检测和定位结果准确性的拐点。当震相数≥20时,全部召回了地震目录中的13个地震事件,二者平均定位差异4.27 km。经过人工复核,检测到的真实地震事件为区域内地震目录中事件数量的9倍。本文使用的基于机器学习和快速震相关联和定位方法的流程可在确保准确率的基础上降低人工检测的难度,提高地震检测的效率。     

海潮对海南观测井水位记录的影响

掌握低纬度沿海地区海潮、理论固体潮、观测井水位观测曲线的日变特征及表现形式,使用快速傅里叶变换分离各谐波,提取优势频率,分析海潮对海南地区观测井水位观测数据的影响,发现距海岸线较近的向荣村井受海潮影响较大,水位观测曲线与海潮均表现为单峰单谷的日变特征。     

基于能量最小化原理的弹性波CT成像频域有限元反演算法

在材料和模型实验中,试样内部位移场的精确量测对于加载过程中试样力学性质的研究有着十分重要的意义。提出基于能量最小化原理的弹性波CT成像频域有限元反演算法,并在波动方程的基础上通过有限元数值实验,利用估计位移场和实际位移场的偏差,得出包括密度ρ和拉梅常数λ在内的单元材料参数的更新梯度,进一步经过若干次正负反馈的迭代,实现试样参数的反演。该算法避开已有方法中求解参数更新梯度Jacobi矩阵的过程,计算效率得到极大的提高。计算结果表明,在已知位移场的情况下,迭代更新λ的效率和准确性较高;在已知部分节点实际位移的情况下,参数迭代效率与观测网格密度正相关。     

On the applicability of Kirchoff’s law and the principle of heat balance in thermal infrared remote sensing: A non-isothermal system

This paper proposes a basic equation of thermal radiation interaction between surface objects on the basis of the principle of heat balance in the interface. The solution of this equation takes account of the contribution of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux more completely, compared with traditional solution for surface cooling and heating processes. By the aid of the experimental data conducted in the Xiaotangshan experimental site, Beijing, both the non-applicability of Kirchoff’s law and the measurability of surface emissivity in a non-isothermal system have been highlighted. Two methods called ventilation and time-delay compensations have been proposed to reduce the error induced by change of surface temperatures of non-isothermal objects during the measurement of emissivity. Based on the solution of the basic equation, this paper has analyzed and pointed out the misunderstanding in comprehension and application of Kirchoff’s law published in literature.     

Evaluation of seasonal patterns of hydraulic redistribution in a humid subtropical area,East China

Antecedent soil moisture or soil moisture status has a great impact on hydrological processes. Hydraulic redistribution (HR), a widely observed phenomenon, is defined as water distributed (typically at night) from moist soil to drier soil via plant roots, which plays an important role in soil moisture replenishment. Knowledge on seasonal patterns of HR and on the relationship between HR and soil water use is not fully understood. We investigated temporal variations in HR and total daily water use (Δθ) at stands of camphor and peach by monitoring soil moisture content in a humid region in eastern China. HR at the three locations reached its maximum values in summer (0.68 mm d⁻¹ to 1.15 mm d⁻¹) at depths of 15 cm and 35 cm. Redistributed water replenished 41% of water depleted in the soil at a 5–45-cm depth. Interestingly, normalized HR (i.e., HR/Δθ) showed a constant pattern during the growing season implying it is independent of seasonal climate alterations. This also indicated that HR had a stable effect on the replenishment of daily water use. Positive linear relationships between HR and Δθ were found at three measuring locations (camphor: R² = .35, p < .01; peach1: R² = .57, p < .01; peach2: R² = .63, p < .01), suggesting a relatively stable inherent linkage between HR and Δθ. This study suggested that hydrological processes involving soil moisture status or antecedent soil moisture, needs to take the HR effect into account across timescales from intraday to seasonal.     

Total organic carbon fluxes of the Red River system (Vietnam)

Riverine transport of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the oceans plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The Red River is located in Southeast Asia where river discharge, sediment loads and fluxes of elements (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) associated with suspended solids have been dramatically altered over past decades as a result of reservoir impoundment and land use, population, and climate change. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations were measured monthly at four stations of the Red River system from January 2008 to December 2010. The results reveal that POC changed synchronically with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and with the river discharge, whereas no clear trend was observed for DOC concentration. The mean value of total organic carbon (TOC = DOC + POC) flux in the delta of the Red River was 31.5 × 10¹³ ± 4.0 × 10¹³ MgC.yr^?1 (range 27.9–35.8 × 10¹³ MgC.yr^?1 which leads to a specific TOC flux of 2012 ± 255 kgC.km^?2.yr^?1 during this 2008–2010 period. About 80% of the TOC flux was transferred to the estuary during the rainy season as a consequence of the higher river water discharge. The high mean value of the POC:Chl‐a ratio (1585 ± 870 mgC.mgChl‐a^?1) and the moderate C:N ratio (7.3 ± 0.1) in the water column system suggest that organic carbon in the Red River system is mainly derived from erosion and soil leaching in the basin. The effect of two new dam impoundments in the Red River was also observable with lower TOC fluxes in 2010 compared with 2008. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of temperature on the seepage transport of suspended particles in a porous medium

The main purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the effect of temperature on the seepage transport of suspended particles (SP) with a median diameter of 10–47 μm in a porous medium for various seepage velocities. The results show that the rise of temperature accelerates the irregular movements of SPs in the porous medium and reduces their migration velocity. As a result, the pore volume corresponding to the peak value of the breakthrough curves is apparently delayed, and the peak value in the effluent is decreased. The migration velocity of SPs decreases with increasing particle size, regardless of the Darcy velocity and temperature. The longitudinal dispersivity of SPs decreases slightly with increasing temperature and then remains almost unchanged. Larger particles experience more irregular movements induced by the limit of pore size, which leads to a larger dispersivity. The deposition coefficient increases with increasing temperature, especially in the case of a high seepage velocity, and then tends to be stable. The deposition coefficient for large‐sized particles is higher than that for small‐sized particles, which can be attributed to the restriction of large‐sized particles by the narrow pores in the porous medium. The recovery rate decreases slightly with the increase of temperature until a critical value is reached, beyond which it remains almost unchanged. In summary, temperature is a significant factor affecting the transport and deposition of SPs in the porous medium, and the transport parameters such as particle velocity, dispersivity, and deposition coefficient.     

Investigation of failures in Irish raised bogs

This paper presents the results of field geophysical testing and laboratory testing of peat from Carn Park and Roosky raised bogs in the Irish Midlands. The motivation for the work was highlight the importance of these areas and to begin to attempt to understand the reasons for the failure of the bogs despite them having surface slopes of some 1°. It was found that the peat is typical of that of Irish raised bogs being up to 8 m thick towards the “high” dome of the bogs. The peat is characterised by low density, high water content, high organic content, low undrained shear strength and high compressibility. The peat is also relatively permeable at in situ stress. Geophysical electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar data shows a clear thinning of the peat in the area of the failures corresponding to a reduction in volume from dewatering by edge drains/peat harvesting. This finding is supported by detailed water content measurements. It was also shown that the peat base topography is relatively flat and indicates that the observed surface movement has come from within the peat rather than from the material below the peat. Potential causes of the failures include conventional slope instability, the effect of seepage forces or the release of built-up gas in the peat mass. Further measurements are required in order to study these in more detail.     

内蒙古阿尔山地区中生代A型花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

在岩石学研究的基础上,运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学方法,研究了阿尔山地区不同时代花岗岩体的成因和构造意义。研究表明,三广山中粒碱长花岗岩形成于印支期(228.5±3.0Ma);南兴安似斑状碱长花岗岩形成于燕山期(141.7±2.6Ma),捕获锆石年龄为1847±21Ma,反映该区可能具有前寒武纪结晶基底。两岩体岩石化学以富Si、高K、低Mg、贫Ca为特点,A/CNK值为1.00~1.05;富集高场强元素和轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,稀土元素配分模式为典型的右倾海鸥型。岩相学和地球化学特征显示,三广山和南兴安花岗岩均为A型花岗岩。其中,三广山花岗岩为A2型花岗岩,南兴安花岗岩为A1型花岗岩。全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成(εNd(t)值为2.26~5.58)表明,阿尔山地区花岗岩的源区可能为显生宙—新元古代期间从亏损地幔中新增生的地壳物质,但南兴安和三广山2个岩体的形成机制不同。三广山A2型花岗岩可能是古亚洲洋在三叠纪闭合后进入造山后阶段岩石圈伸展体制下的产物,而南兴安A1型花岗岩可能形成于早白垩世大兴安岭地区板内伸展作用下的拉张减薄环境。