关于中国西部干旱区生态环境演变与调控研究的思考

从中国西部干旱区的界定、自然条件特点的分析出发,结合国家西部大开发战略的实施,指出进行该区生态环境演变与调控研究的重大意义。提出了在时间序列上进行生态环境演变研究,在空间结构上开展生态系统结构、功能及生态过程研究,在时空耦合界面上探讨重大生态环境问题,进行生态系统的调控与管理研究的思路。并从生态环境形成演变、生态系统结构和功能、重大生态环境问题及生态环境管理等方面探讨了研究工作的技术路线。同时,指出了主要研究内容和需要解决的关键科学问题以及将要实现的研究目标。     

风廓线雷达中风切变分析方法的初步研究

在风廓线雷达连续输出的风场时间高度显示图上,尝试进行风场的流线分析和风切变值等值线分析,以便用于识别强烈风切变区。在风场变化比较均匀时,分析出的线形分布比较平缓,而在风场变化比较剧烈的区域,风向等值线、垂直风切变等值线和流线三者一致表现出了汇聚特点,线形的分布也异常地密集,分析结果直观地反映出了风场分布的特征和危险性风切变区域,该结果有助于风切变自动识别方法的研究。     

SAR image despeckling with a multilayer perceptron neural network

Speckle noise in synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images severely hinders remote sensing applications; therefore, the appropriate removal of speckle noise is crucial. This paper elaborates on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural-network model for SAR image despeckling by using a time series of SAR images. Unlike other filtering methods that use only a single radar intensity image to derive their parameters and filter that single image, this method can be trained using archived images over an area of interest to self-learn the intensity characteristics of image patches and then adaptively determine the weights and thresholds by using a neural network for image despeckling. Several hidden layers are designed for feedforward network training, and back-propagation stochastic gradient descent is adopted to reduce the error between the target output and neural-network output. The parameters in the network are automatically updated in the training process. The greatest advantage of MLP is that once the despeckling parameters are determined, they can be used to process not only new images in the same area but also images in completely different locations. Tests with images from TerraSAR-X in selected areas indicated that MLP shows satisfactory performance with respect to noise reduction and edge preservation. The overall image quality obtained using MLP was markedly higher than that obtained using numerous other filters. In comparison with other recently developed filters, this method yields a slightly higher image quality, and it demonstrates the powerful capabilities of computer learning using SAR images, which indicate the promising prospect of applying MLP to SAR image despeckling.     

Gas accumulation from oil cracking in the eastern Tarim Basin: A case study of the YN2 gas field

Oil and gas exploration in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China has been successful in recent years, with several commercial gas accumulations being discovered in a thermally mature to over-mature region. The Yingnan2 (YN2) gas field, situated in the Yingnan structure of the Yingjisu Depression, produces gases that are relatively enriched in nitrogen and C₂₊ alkanes. The δ¹³C₁ (−38.6‰ to −36.2‰) and δ¹³C₂ values (−30.9‰ to −34.7‰) of these gases are characteristic of marine sourced gases with relatively high maturity levels. The distributions of biomarkers in the associated condensates suggest close affinities with the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks which, in the Yingjisu Sag, are currently over-mature (with 3–4%Ro). Burial and thermal maturity modeling results indicate that paleo-temperatures of the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks had increased from 90 to 210 °C during the late Caledonian orogeny (458–438 Ma), due to rapid subsidence and sediment loading. By the end of Ordovician, hydrocarbon potential in these source rocks had been largely exhausted. The homogenization temperatures of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions identified from the Jurassic reservoirs of the YN2 gas field suggest a hydrocarbon emplacement time as recent as about 10 Ma, when the maturity levels of Middle–Lower Jurassic source rocks in the study area were too low (<0.7%Ro) to form a large quantity of oil and gas. The presence of abundant diamondoid hydrocarbons in the associated condensates and the relatively heavy isotopic values of the oils indicate that the gases were derived from thermal cracking of early-formed oils. Estimation from the stable carbon isotope ratios of gaseous alkanes suggests that the gases may have been formed at temperatures well above 190 °C. Thus, the oil and gas accumulation history in the study area can be reconstructed as follows: (1) during the late Caledonian orogeny, the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician marine source rocks had gone through the peak oil, wet gas and dry gas generation stages, with the generated oil and gas migrating upwards along faults and fractures to form early oil and gas accumulations in the Middle–Upper Ordovician and Silurian sandstone reservoirs; (2) since the late Yanshanian orogeny, the early oil accumulations have been buried deeper and oil has undergone thermal cracking to form gas; (3) during the late Himalayan orogeny, the seals for the deep reservoirs were breached; and the gas and condensates migrated upward and eventually accumulating in the relatively shallow Jurassic reservoirs.     

海藻糖类的气相色谱分析 Ⅱ.红藻及红藻多糖中D-半乳糖和3, 6-内醚半乳糖的测定

红藻中的糖类主要以多糖形式存在(琼胶、卡拉胶等)，其中主要的单糖组分是D-半乳糖和3, 6-内醚半乳糖，除此之外还含有少晕的木糖、葡萄糖及甘露糖等成分。由于各单糖的相互干扰，难以用比色等着通化学分析方法对每一种单糖准确地定性定量。作者曾研究过褐藻中单糖的气相色谱测定法, 但该法不能测定3, 6-内醚半乳糖，囚为这种内醚糖对酸水解不稳定。据Dutton和Nozawa等人报道, 将多糖经甲醇分解后进行气相色谱分析，结果令人满意。本文用琼胶(Difco bacto-agar)作代表，研究探讨了红藻胶甲醇-HCI分解的条件，确定了红藻胶中D-半乳糖和3, 6-内醚半乳糖的气相色谱分析方法，并将其应用于红藻中D-半乳糖和3, 6-内醚半乳糖的分析。     

基于Google Earth影像分析区域性大型“X”共轭节理系统对宏观岩溶作用的控制

从黔南、桂北的航天遥感图像上可以清楚地看出,地表的宏观岩溶地貌明显地受控于区域性大型“X”共轭节理系统,此类节理构成一幅巨型的渗滤网,成为大气降水下渗的主要通道,从而导致被其穿透的岩石遭受溶蚀,形成以线性岩溶谷地为主体的岩溶景观。即水平地层分布区,呈片状“X”形网络结构;直立地层分布区,呈羽状条带结构。水体下渗至潜水面后,将主要沿“X”节理走向向当地最低侵蚀基准面排泄,从而形成复杂的地下管道网络系统。首次利用网上Google Earth影像研究喀斯特环境,解决了只能依赖航片和卫星照片才能研究地球地貌的瓶颈,这对地貌研究和喀斯特石漠化的研究和治理提供了廉价便利的影像材料。     

“科钻一井”一开泥浆技术

“科钻一井”一开井段采用了钠膨润土-高粘CMC泥浆体系，视漏失情况添加GD-Ⅲ随钻堵漏剂，满足了施工携带岩屑和堵漏防漏要求。介绍了该井一开井段的泥浆技术，并对泥浆成本进行了分析。     

毛乌素沙区沙漠化土地防治区划

毛乌素沙区在自然条件、沙漠化程度和变化趋势及产业经济发展特征等方面具有明显的空间异质性,合理地进行区域沙漠化土地防治区划是因地制宜开展土地沙漠化防治工作的重要基础。选取自然条件、沙漠化发展过程及人类活动等方面12个指标,将毛乌素沙区划分为黄土高原与鄂尔多斯高原过渡区、毛乌素沙地腹地典型草原区和西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原区3个区、7个亚区、12个小区。在区域可持续发展战略的实施过程中,要根据亚区和小区的特点有针对性地进行沙漠化土地的防治,充分利用区域资源优势,优化产业结构,确保经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的稳步提升。     

Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic study of gneissic rocks from the Chinese Altai: Progressive accretionary history in the early to middle Palaeozoic

Gneissic rocks in the Chinese Altai Mountains have been interpreted as either Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks or Precambrian basement. This study reports geochemical and geochronological data for banded paragneisses and associated gneissic granitoids collected along a NE–SW traverse in the northwestern Chinese Altai. Petrological and geochemical data suggest that the protoliths of the banded gneisses were possibly immature sediments with significant volcanic input and that the gneissic granitoids were derived from I-type granites formed in a subduction environment. Three types of morphological features can be recognized in zircons from the banded gneisses and are interpreted to correlate with different sources. Zircons from five samples of banded paragneiss cluster predominantly between 466 and 528 Ma, some give Neoproterozoic ages, and a few yield discordant Paleoproterozoic to Archean ages. Zircon Hf isotopic compositions indicate that both juvenile/mantle and crust materials were involved in the generation of the source rocks from which these zircons were derived. In contrast, zircons occur ubiquitously as elongated euhedral prismatic crystals in the four samples of the gneissic granitoids, and define single populations for each sample with mean ages between 380 and 453 Ma. The general absence of Precambrian inheritance and positive zircon ?Hf values for these granitoids suggest insignificant crustal contribution to the generation of the precursor magmas. Our data can be interpreted in terms of a progressive accretionary history in early to middle Palaeozoic times, and the Chinese Altai may possibly represent a magmatic arc built on a continental margin dominated by Neoproterozoic rocks.     

巡天项目中的白矮星搜寻

首先,描述了白矮星的颜色特点和光谱型分类。白矮星是大多数恒星的终极状态,它会随着时间的推移而逐渐冷却。根据表面大气成分,它被划分成DA和DB等不同的光谱型。对某一颗白矮星来说,其光谱型分类可能会随着时间的推移而发生变化,这主要是由于其大气包层中的元素含量被对流过程改变引起的。为了对各类光谱型有更深入的研究,样本的完备性不可或缺。得益于近十几年来大型巡天项目的开展(如斯隆数字巡天、郭守敬望远镜的光谱巡天等),目前通过光谱证认的白矮星已超过4×10~4颗,其中绝大多数是H主导的DA型白矮星,另外还包含2 000多颗He主导的DB白矮星。此外,GALEX项目和GAIA卫星分别提供了有价值的白矮星紫外数据、空间位置和速度等信息。这些数据和信息对于白矮星的研究工作起到了非常大的促进作用。随后,对白矮星的大气参数、质量和运动学等内容作了简单的总结。人们利用模板匹配测量了绝大多数已知白矮星的大气参数,并获得了DB型白矮星的有效温度与紫外颜色间的线性关系。基于斯隆数字巡天的光谱数据,白矮星的质量分布和质量-半径关系也得到了较深入的研究。小质量白矮星具有较大的速度弥散,而大质量的则相反。最后,讨论了白矮星的形成和演化机制,这些机制都是基于现有的理论模型得到的。随着巡天项目中白矮星样本的增加,现有的模型会逐渐被修正和完善,新的模型也将随之建立。