二维大气中定常广义地转流的稳定性分析

本文归纳总结了在绝热、无耗散对称二维大气中定常广义地转流稳定性分析中的扰动方程组的基本特征，并将其概括为具有这类问题共同基本特征的统一形式的扰动方程组的定解问题。在此基础上，统一地证明了：１）由统一的扰动方程组所确定的定解问题的解是存在唯一的；２）基态的性质是由Λｍｉｎ（Ｇ）的性质决定的：ａ．当Λｍｉｎ（Ｇ）＞０时，基态是稳定的；ｂ．当Λｍｉｎ（Ｇ）＜０时，基态是不稳定的。３）基态的全局稳定性质可以通过局部稳定性分析来确定；４）合理的、充分简化的局部稳定性分析结论在局部分析中是严格有效的     

江苏夏季逐日降水极值统计特征诊断研究

本文利用江苏省5个代表性测站历年逐日降水资料，借助于非正态假设下的（Gamma分布）极值统计特征诊断方法，由一般平均统计特征量（均值，方差，自相关），估计计算其极端降水统计特征（平均出现频率，间隔时间，持续时间）并分析其年代际变化规律，结果表明，江苏地区夏季降水极值特征的年际和年代际变率具有一定的规律性，降水量极值出现频数的年际变化具有准2-3年和准7-10年周期。指出降水极值出现次数不仅取决于降水量，还取决于逐日降水变率和各年内降水的持续性。     

中美大气化学联合考察实验结果的初步分析与比较

根据临安区域本底站观测资料分析结果得出,中国中纬度地区秋、冬季O₃及其前体物NO_x等浓度偏高,可以对农作物和地表生态系统产生影响.观测结果表明:近地层大气O₃浓度主要决定于地面总辐射量控制下的光化学反应过程;O₃的生成受到前体物NO_x的控制,但O₃与NO_x存在着明显的非线性关系.从PEM-WESTA和B的实验及1995年的观测资料表明,O₃的生成效率随着NO_x浓度的增大而减小.尽管O₃的生成速率秋季比冬季的大,但由于秋季较高的NO_x抑制了过氧基的生成,因此冬季O₃的累积量几乎可以和秋季相比拟.在临安观测的NMHC和NO_x的比值比国外同纬度地区测值要大.这说明在临安本底站O₃的光化学生成中,NMHC不是控制物种.从而提示我们,在这些季节临安O₃光化学产物能够被NO_x浓度所控制.中美大气化学联合考察(PEM-WEST-B)实验期间,台湾省的卡盯站SO₂的平均浓度为0.29ppb,O₃的平均浓度为42.2ppb,可以认为此值为低纬度海岛的本底值.1994年PEM-WEST-B实验期间临安站的观测资料和台湾省的卡盯站资料相比,临安站SO₂的浓度约为卡盯站SO₂浓度的50倍左右,从而可以看出人类活动对大气本底的显着影响.     

Extracting commuter-specific destination hotspots from trip destination data – comparing the boro taxi service with Citi Bike in NYC

ABSTRACT

Taxi trajectories from urban environments allow inferring various information about the transport service qualities and commuter dynamics. It is possible to associate starting and end points of taxi trips with requirements of individual groups of people and even social inequalities. Previous research shows that due to service restrictions, boro taxis have typical customer destination locations on selected Saturdays: many drop-off clusters appear near the restricted zone, where it is not allowed to pick up customers and only few drop-off clusters appear at complicated crossing. Detected crossings imply recent infrastructural modifications. We want to follow up on these results and add one additional group of commuters: Citi Bike users. For selected Saturdays in June 2015, we want to compare the destinations of boro taxi and Citi Bike users. This is challenging due to manifold differences between active mobility and motorized road users, and, due to the fact that station-based bike sharing services are restricted to stations. Start and end points of trips, as well as the volumes in between rely on specific numbers of bike sharing stations. Therefore, we introduce a novel spatiotemporal assigning procedure for areas of influence around static bike sharing stations for extending available computational methods.     

Distribution,trends and drivers of precipitation use efficiency in the loess plateau

Against the background of climate change, the global carbon and water cycle has undergone significant changes, and it is of great significance to explore the interrelationships of the carbon and water cycles in different regions to cope with future climate change. In this study, based on gross primary productivity (GPP) and precipitation (PRE) data, the precipitation use efficiency (PUE) of the Loess Plateau (LP) was calculated, and the Sen trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test were used to analyse the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of PUE, as well as the first-order difference method was used to derive the relative contributions to quantify the impact of vegetation growth and meteorological factors on PUE. The results show that (1) from 2001 to 2018, the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation PUE exhibited an increasing trend from northwest to southeast. On the time scale, the multi-year average value of PUE was 1.17 gC m⁻² mm⁻¹, showing an overall upward trend. Among the different land cover types, paddy fields had the highest PUE level, and sparse grassland had the lowest; (2) LAI had the highest relative contribution to vegetation PUE, followed by temperature (Temp), net radiation of the ground surface (RN), specific humidity (Shum), and wind speed (WS). LAI contributes positively to 88.9% of the area. RN positively influences high-altitude areas, while Shum had a larger area with a negative contribution. The contribution of Temp increases from northwest to southeast, and WS has balanced positive and negative contributions; (3) LAI is the dominant factor for the spatial and temporal variation of PUE in the LP, and the size of the areas where different meteorological factors dominate the changes of PUE are as follows: WS > Shum>RN > Temp. At high altitudes, the dominant meteorological driver is WS, while at low altitudes, the dominant climate driver is Shum. This study is of guiding significance for the ecological restoration and management of the LP, and it can also provide a scientific basis for the improvement of ecosystems and the sustainable management of water resources in the context of global climate change.     

Numerical study of harbor oscillations induced by water surface disturbances within harbors of constant depth

Oscillations within an enclosed rectangular harbor and a set of partially opened rectangular harbors with various widths and locations of entrance induced by cubic water surface disturbances with different initial heights and locations are simulated using FUNWAVE 2.0 model. The height and the location of the cubic water surface disturbance refer to its thickness and its relative horizontal position inside the harbor, respectively. The water depth inside and outside all harbors is set to be constant. The aim of this paper is to investigate how different heights and locations of the water surface disturbance and various widths and locations of harbor entrance affect the oscillations inside the harbor. Results show that for the given harbors and the range of the initial height of water surface disturbance studied in this paper, all the response amplitudes of various eigenfrequencies increase linearly with the initial height of water surface disturbance. The variations of the initial location of water surface disturbance along the backwall and sidewall of the harbor can significantly change the transverse and longitudinal oscillation patterns of various modes, respectively. The effects of the variations of the width and location of the harbor entrance on the response amplitudes of various resonant modes both depend on the relative positions of their node lines and antinode lines to the harbor entrance.     

Permafrost and taliks and their changes on the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the climate warming北大核心CSCD

The distribution of permafrost and taliks is very complex in the Tuotuo River Basin(TRB), which is located in interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Characterizing the spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and taliks is of great significance to community activities and engineering construction in TRB. Based on the zonation of permafrost and talik distribution around TRB conducted in the 1980s, the soil temperature and its variation process of permafrost and taliks in the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River were analyzed by using the observation data of five boreholes(N1~N5)along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the north bank and five boreholes(S1~S5)on the first terrace in the south bank. The results showed that, under the climate warming, permafrost and taliks in the north banks experienced significant degradation and warming process. From 2005 to 2020, the permafrost at the N1 borehole has undergone a significant down-draw degradation process, from extremely unstable and high-temperature permafrost to thawed zone. From 2005 to 2013, the annual average ground temperature of the talik at N2 increased at a rate of 0. 3~0. 4 °C·(10a)-1. At Maqutang on the south bank, permafrost prevails from the first-class terrace to the gentle slope of the Kaixinling Mountain, with both through and non-through taliks on the first-class terrace. The spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and talik in the TRB are further promoted by analyzing the changes in temperatures at boreholes in the basin. However, to meet the requirements of mapping and engineering construction of permafrost and taliks in the TRB, it is still necessary to carry out geological investigation with multiple methods and in-depth research on development mechanism of taliks in the future. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved.     

Geomagnetic diurnal-variation anomalies and their relation to strong earthquakes

The diurnal-variation anomalies of the vertical-component in geomagnetic field are mainly the changes of phase and amplitude before strong earthquakes. On the basis of data recorded by the network of geomagnetic observatories in China for many years, the anomalous features of appearance time of the minima of diurnal variations (i.e, low-point time) of the geomagnetic vertical components and the variation of their spatial distribution (i.e, phenomena of low-point displacement) have been studied before over 30 strong earthquakes with M _S≥6.6 such as Kunlunshan M _S=8.1 earthquake on November 14, 2001; Bachu-Jashi M _S=6.8 earthquake on February 24, 2003; Xiaojin M _S=6.6 earthquake on September 22, 1989, etc. There are good relations between such rare phenomena of geomagnetic anomalies and the occurrence of earthquakes. It has been found that most earthquakes occur in the vicinity of the boundary line of sudden change of the low-point displacement and generally within four days before and after the 27th or 41st day counting from the day of appearance of the anomaly. In addition, the anomalies of diurnal-variation amplitude near the epicentral area have been also studied before Kunlunshan M _S=8.1 earthquake and Bachu-Jiashi M _S=6.8 earthquake. Foundation item: National Science Technology Tackle Key Project during the Tenth Five-year Plan (2001BA601B01-05-04)     

后处理差分GPS在南极格罗夫山中小比例尺地形图测图中的应用

针对极地地区恶劣的工作环境 ,本文提出了一种全新的极地测图方法差分GPS测图。通过中国第 1 6次南极科学考察格罗夫山考察的实践表明 ,后处理差分GPS配合以全站仪进行测图 ,速度快 ,省时省力 ,完全可以满足 1∶1万或更小比例尺成图的要求。不失为极地地区大批量地形数据采集的一种有效手段。     

降雨径流汇入背景下受纳水体可溶态Ni和As的动态变化

选取降雨丰沛、降雨径流突出的热带海岛城市海口美舍河市区河段,使用室内分析与野外采样结合的方法开展降雨径流汇入后受纳水体可溶态Ni和As的动态变化研究。结果表明：降雨径流的汇入直接对受纳水体中Ni和As的固液分配产生干扰,且其对受纳水体Ni和As的输入贡献主要依赖悬浮态,可溶态Ni和As输入相对较弱。具体表现为：降雨径流汇入前受纳水体可溶态Ni和As占总质量浓度的比例分别达到55.67%和94.77%。降雨径流汇入后,受纳水体Ni和As发生一系列动态变化,排水口处可溶态Ni和As占比分别达总质量浓度的20.97%和76.92%,可溶态占比明显下降,变化较为剧烈;排水口下游可溶态Ni和As占比也均下降,分别为47.23%和88.38%。对不同降雨情境下的数据分析发现：当降雨量≤10 mm时,雨前干燥期长短是受纳水体可溶态Ni和As动态变化的主要影响因素;当降雨量在10~30 mm时,雨前干燥期长短、雨强峰值出现时间及其大小是受纳水体可溶态Ni和As对降雨径流响应时间及响应程度的主要影响因素;当降雨量≥30 mm时,雨强峰值出现时间是受纳水体可溶态Ni和As动态变化的主要影响因素。降雨径流对受纳水体可溶态Ni和As的影响存在差异,当干燥期短、且存在最大雨强值过高现象时,受纳水体可溶态As受降雨径流影响小,而可溶态Ni受降雨径流影响明显。