中国稻田甲烷产生和排放研究 Ⅰ.产生和排放机理及其影响因子

综合论述了近 2 0年来中国稻田甲烷排放的研究状况 ,包括中国稻田甲烷排放通量的观测 ,稻田甲烷生成的生物学机理及产生、转化、传输的机理研究 ,稻田甲烷排放的影响因子 ,主要介绍了稻田甲烷产生和氧化过程、影响甲烷排放的因子     

多普勒雷达数据处理显示系统

多普勒天气雷达目前已经成为对短时强烈天气进行监测的主要手段之一。为了方便资料的处理和分析 ,将科研成果向业务应用转化 ,提高观测资料软件和资料处理能力 ,为预报员和科研人员提供方便 ,我们开发了多普勒雷达资料分析显示系统。该软件是兼原始数据处理、反演、显示功能于一体的雷达数据处理系统 ,有很好的兼容性和可移植性 ,其交互式、多线程、多窗口、多任务的汉化操作界面 ,灵活、简便 ,容易使用。根据用户需要 ,水平风场可用风矢量、风羽、流线或等值线等不同方式表达 ,多种水平变量也可以任意叠加     

澜沧江某水电站左岸地下式厂房岩体质量分级

通过大量的现场调查数据与统计工作结果，采用了多种岩体质量分级评价方案，对澜沧江某水电站左岸地下式厂房岩体质量进行了精细的评价，最后将各种结果进行对比分析，得到一个合理、科学的综合岩体质量综合评价分级。并根据评价结果，作出了研究区坝址左岸地下式厂房岩体在不同高程的岩体质量分区图，为下一步的参数选取工作奠定了必要的基础。     

土工织物加固软土路堤的有限元分析

采用有限元方法对土工织物加固软弱地基路堤的力学机理进行了研究.通过比较路基加筋和未加筋两种情况研究了土工织物的加固机理,结果表明土工织物对于提高路堤填筑高度、减少路堤侧向位移、均化路堤沉降以及加速超孔隙水压力消散有显著的效果.加筋路堤中土工织物的轴力受填筑高度、超孔压消散速度和接触面系数等因素的影响,路堤填筑高度和施工进度的控制有利于土工织物抗拉强度的发挥.对路堤安全系数的研究分析表明传统的极限平衡法验算路堤稳定性偏于保守,采用有限元方法能较好地反映土工织物的加筋作用,可以优化工程设计.     

Web-cam’s potential for collaborative activities in the Earth sciences

We report here our experiences from using easily acquired web-cam components for collaborative ventures in the Earth sciences. We have used a variety of hardware and different software. We demonstrate from various locations in the U.S.A. the feasibility of using web-cam in multitudinous activities, relevant for conducting research and knowledge dissemination. We summarize the quality of the connections from the various combinations of communicating parties. Today, web-cams can be utilized as an economical and viable means of point-to-point communication in the Earth science community. Greater bandwidth is sorely needed for activities such as multi-party conferencing on the present internet network. We propose that web-cam can be readily deployed as a web-service for facilitating collaborative research over the GRID infrastructure, using the middleware Narada-Brokering. Web-cam will play an important role in the emerging field of geoinformatics.     

Oxygen isotopic compositions of IVA iron meteorites: implications for the thermal evolution derived from in situ ultraviolet laser microprobe analyses

Oxygen isotopic compositions of silicate inclusions in IVA iron meteorites have been measured with an in situ UV laser microprobe technique. The homogeneity of oxygen isotopic compositions within and among individual mineral grains has also been examined. Oxygen isotope fractionations between coexisting mineral pairs were utilized in oxygen isotope thermometry. Our measured Δ¹⁷O values, ranging from 0.97 to 1.25‰, are characteristic of a single reservoir and fully confirm the oxygen isotopic similarity between IVA irons and L/LL chondrites. Steinbach and São João Nepomuceno, containing inclusions of two silicate minerals in mutual contact, exhibit a mass-dependent fractionation of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O between tridymite and bronzite with apparent oxygen isotopic heterogeneity. The SiO₂-bearing member, Gibeon, gives homogeneous oxygen isotopic compositions without detectable fractionation of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O between tridymite and quartz. Oxygen isotope equilibrium temperatures are estimated for coexisting tridymite and bronzite in the same sample slabs or clusters in Steinbach and São João Nepomuceno. The fractionations of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O between bronzite and tridymite range from 1.6 to 2.3‰ in different sample slabs or clusters. On the basis of the closure temperature concept, cooling rates are estimated at approximately 20 to 1000°C/Myr between 800 and 1000°C, a range of temperatures not accessible to other cooling rate methods. Using the Fast Grain Boundary diffusion model, we have demonstrated that significant oxygen heterogeneity both in tridymite and bronzite is probably due to isotope exchange during cooling between minerals with various grain sizes and mineral abundances in different regions of the samples. The new estimates of cooling rate by oxygen isotope thermometry refine previous cooling curves of IVA irons and support the breakup-reassembly model for the IVA parent body.     

Removal of Cu(Ⅱ) from Wastewater Using Acidified Sewage Sludge Ash

Sewage sludge ash (SSA), the waste generated in sewage sludge incineration, was obtained from Wuhan Sewage Treatment Plant and used as a low-cost sorbent for removing Cu(Ⅱ) from wastewaters. The sorbent was first modified with 5 % sulfuric acid to increase its sorption capacity. The specific surface area, porosity, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and pHZPC of the sorbent were measured. Batch experiments were made to study the effect of contact time, solution pH value and temperature on sorption. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models well described the Cu(Ⅱ) sorption process, with correlation coefficient (R2) values of 0.993 4 and 0.989 9 respectively. And the sorption process follows the Lagergren first order kinetic model. The equilibrium sorption capacity of acidified SSA to Cu(Ⅱ) is estimated to be 7.78 mg/g under optimal conditions.     

Genesis of Kanggur Gold Deposit in Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China: Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Constraints

Abstract. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonates from the Kanggur gold deposit are dominated by aqueous inclusions, with subsidiary CO₂-H₂O inclusions that have a constant range in CO₂ content (10–20 vol %). Microthermometric results indicate that total homogenization temperatures have a wide but similar range for both aqueous inclusions (120 to 310C) and CO₂-H₂O inclusions (140 to 340C). Estimates of fluid salinity for CO₂-H₂O inclusions are quite restricted (5.9∼10.3 equiv. wt% NaCl), whereas aqueous inclusions show much wider salinity ranging from 2.2 to 15.6 equivalent wt %NaCl.
The 6D values of fluid inclusions in carbonates vary from -45 to -61 %, in well accord with the published δD values of fluid inclusions in quartz (-46 to -66 %). Most of the δ¹⁸O and δD values of the ore-forming fluids can be achieved by exchanged meteoric water after isotopic equilibration with wall rock by fluid/rock interaction at a low water/rock ratio. However, the exchanged meteoric water alone cannot explain the full range of δ¹⁸O and δD values, magmatic and/or meta-morphic water should also be involved. The wide salinity in aqueous inclusions may also result from mixing of meteoric water and magmatic and/or metamorphic water.     

Methane-rich fluid inclusions in skarn near the giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit at Bayan Obo, Northern China

We report fluid inclusion data for skarn, formed at the contact between Hercynian granitoids and dolomite of the Proterozoic Bayan Obo Group, in the vicinity of Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Three types of fluid inclusions are identified: two-phase CH₄-rich, three-phase liquid–vapour–solid and two-phase aqueous inclusions. Using microthermometry and laser Raman microprobe analysis to calculate isochores for CH₄-bearing inclusions, we estimate fluid trapping conditions at T=280 to 344 °C and P<1 to 2.3 kbar. Such conditions are compatible with formation of CH₄ inclusions as a result of reaction between graphite in the country rocks (black slate sequence) and fluids derived from magma. The lack of carbonaceous material in the inclusions supports the hypothesis that CH₄ was generated during fluid migration rather than by in situ reaction. In contrast to the skarn, and despite the fact that similar graphite-bearing slates are found in the host rocks, no CH₄-bearing inclusions have been so far reported from Bayan Obo REE ores. We therefore conclude that the skarn-forming fluids in the contact aureole of the Hercynian granitoids were not involved at any stage in the formation of the Bayan Obo deposit.     

Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Studies of supercontinental cycle are mainly concentrated on the assembly, breakup and dispersal of supercontinents, and studies of continental crustal growth largely on the growth and loss (recycling) of the crust. These two problems have long been studied separately from each other. The Paleozoic–Mesozoic granites in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt have commonly positive Nd values, implying large-scale continental crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. They coincided temporally and spatially with the Phanerozoic Pangea supercontinental cycle, and overlapped in space with the P-wave high-V anomalies and calculated positions of subducted slabs for the last 180 Ma, all this suggests that the Phanerozoic Laurasia supercontinental assembly was accompanied by large-scale continental crustal growth in central Asia. Based on these observations, this paper proposes that there may be close and original correlations between a supercontinental cycle, continental crustal growth and catastrophic slab avalanches in the mantle. In this model we suggest that rapid continental crustal growth occurred during supercontinent assembly, whereas during supercontinental breakup and dispersal new additions of the crust were balanced by losses, resulting in a steady state system. Supercontinental cycle and continental crustal growth are both governed by changing patterns of mantle convection.