青岛市气象局网络安全管理系统

网络安全是影响气象通信网络性能和功能的重要因素。从线路设备、安全设备和措施、安全管理制度3个方面结合青岛市气象局具体情况进行了网络安全系统建设的介绍,内容包括通信线路的冗余、核心设备的热备份、网络安全设备的应用和安全控制策略、用户和管理员安全管理规定,并详细介绍了防火墙配置、核心交换机热备、关键服务器的访问控制等关键技术的实现,最后根据网络安全建设经验对地市级气象局的网络安全建设提出了一些建议。     

人工观测与自动观测地面最低温度的差异分析

分析在地面温度下降到零度以下时,自动站的地面最低温度与人工站的地面最低温度差异明显增大的原因,为两者资料能正确应用提供依据。     

青岛市短期预报资料综合应用平台功能设计与实现

为综合应用本地探测资料和数值预报产品,青岛市气象局建立了以图形工作站为交互平台的短期预报资料综合应用系统.系统采用0racle数据库技术、Web技术及Java、ASP编程语言,实现了本地探测资料、部门共享资料、数值预报产品等不同来源的数据集中显示.     

WRF模式三维变分中背景误差协方差估计

利用WRF模式2008年5-10月逐日预报结果,通过NMC方法进行背景误差协方差(B)估计.给出其结构特征,进行单点数值试验,并利用不同B进行1个月的数值模拟试验,检验模拟降水效果.结果表明:通过单点数值试验验证估算的B结构合理.不同的B,资料同化过程差别较大,应用重新统计的B,同化效率更高,目标函数收敛更稳定.模式模...     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对比模拟分析

使用新一代细网格WRF中尺度数值模式和MM5（V3）模式,对2003年7月4～6日发生在江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟对比分析。结果表明：WRF和MM5都能较好的模拟这次暴雨过程雨带的分布和走向,而WRF能更好的模拟降水中心的位置和雨量;与暴雨过程相联系的低空急流和涡度场等分布特征的模拟,WRF模式亦优于MM5模式。此外,在云贵高原东麓山地,与WRF模式相比,MM5模式在低层模拟出虚假的低压环流,这可能与两模式所采用的垂直坐标差异有关。对WRF的模拟结果分析发现,700hPa湿位涡异常区与暴雨发生区对应很好。     

K 近邻非参数回归概率预报技术及其应用

针对参数回归技术制作概率预报存在拟合好、但预报结果不稳定的现象, 提出了用K近邻非参数回归技术制作概率预报的新途径。K 近邻非参数回归技术包括历史样本数据库、近邻子集生成和优化以及预报量估计4 个主要部分。利用该技术进行了单要素概率预报(主要包括云量和降水)和多维联合概率预报(降水、总云量、风速和气温)试验, 并对试验结果进行了检验。实例研究结果表明:该文所给出的计算方案预报稳定性好, 准确率较高,具有良好的业务应用价值。     

不同边界层参数化方案在暴雨数值模拟中的对比分析

本文利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式(MM5),通过对一次华南锋前暖区暴雨的数值模拟,比较了3种边界层参数化方案的作用。结果表明：从24小时累积降水的分布来看,MRF方案的预报与实况对比效果最好,其次是Blaekadar高分辨率PBL模式,最差是no PBI,方案。分析MRF方案的输出结果,发现对应每个时刻的累积雨团上空,925hPa都有较强的辐合辐散偶极子与之相配合,而在300hPa则有较强的辐散。不同边界层方案模拟的辐散场有一定的差别,导致了降水的不同预报效果。     

Advance and prospectus of seasonal prediction: assessment of the APCC/CliPAS 14-model ensemble retrospective seasonal prediction (1980–2004)

We assessed current status of multi-model ensemble (MME) deterministic and probabilistic seasonal prediction based on 25-year (1980–2004) retrospective forecasts performed by 14 climate model systems (7 one-tier and 7 two-tier systems) that participate in the Climate Prediction and its Application to Society (CliPAS) project sponsored by the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC). We also evaluated seven DEMETER models’ MME for the period of 1981–2001 for comparison. Based on the assessment, future direction for improvement of seasonal prediction is discussed. We found that two measures of probabilistic forecast skill, the Brier Skill Score (BSS) and Area under the Relative Operating Characteristic curve (AROC), display similar spatial patterns as those represented by temporal correlation coefficient (TCC) score of deterministic MME forecast. A TCC score of 0.6 corresponds approximately to a BSS of 0.1 and an AROC of 0.7 and beyond these critical threshold values, they are almost linearly correlated. The MME method is demonstrated to be a valuable approach for reducing errors and quantifying forecast uncertainty due to model formulation. The MME prediction skill is substantially better than the averaged skill of all individual models. For instance, the TCC score of CliPAS one-tier MME forecast of Niño 3.4 index at a 6-month lead initiated from 1 May is 0.77, which is significantly higher than the corresponding averaged skill of seven individual coupled models (0.63). The MME made by using 14 coupled models from both DEMETER and CliPAS shows an even higher TCC score of 0.87. Effectiveness of MME depends on the averaged skill of individual models and their mutual independency. For probabilistic forecast the CliPAS MME gains considerable skill from increased forecast reliability as the number of model being used increases; the forecast resolution also increases for 2 m temperature but slightly decreases for precipitation. Equatorial Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies are primary sources of atmospheric climate variability worldwide. The MME 1-month lead hindcast can predict, with high fidelity, the spatial–temporal structures of the first two leading empirical orthogonal modes of the equatorial SST anomalies for both boreal summer (JJA) and winter (DJF), which account for about 80–90% of the total variance. The major bias is a westward shift of SST anomaly between the dateline and 120°E, which may potentially degrade global teleconnection associated with it. The TCC score for SST predictions over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean reaches about 0.68 with a 6-month lead forecast. However, the TCC score for Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index drops below 0.40 at a 3-month lead for both the May and November initial conditions due to the prediction barriers across July, and January, respectively. The MME prediction skills are well correlated with the amplitude of Niño 3.4 SST variation. The forecasts for 2 m air temperature are better in El Niño years than in La Niña years. The precipitation and circulation are predicted better in ENSO-decaying JJA than in ENSO-developing JJA. There is virtually no skill in ENSO-neutral years. Continuing improvement of the one-tier climate model’s slow coupled dynamics in reproducing realistic amplitude, spatial patterns, and temporal evolution of ENSO cycle is a key for long-lead seasonal forecast. Forecast of monsoon precipitation remains a major challenge. The seasonal rainfall predictions over land and during local summer have little skill, especially over tropical Africa. The differences in forecast skills over land areas between the CliPAS and DEMETER MMEs indicate potentials for further improvement of prediction over land. There is an urgent need to assess impacts of land surface initialization on the skill of seasonal and monthly forecast using a multi-model framework.     

邯郸市可吸入颗粒物的污染现状及相关气象条件分析

利用邯郸市区4个代表站2006年逐时可吸入颗粒物PM10浓度监测资料和邯郸市观测站地面气象要素的逐时观测资料,分析了邯郸市主要空气污染物--PM10的时空分布特征,结果表明:PM10平均浓度采暖期明显大于非采暖期;日变化规律为上午浓度最高,夜间次之,下午浓度最低,采暖期为双峰双谷型,非采暖期为一峰一谷型;弱风、低温和潮湿的气象条件有利于可吸入颗粒物的积累,增加PM10浓度.     

气象部门Notes邮件系统升级优化及故障排查

随着气象信息现代化的进一步发展,2000年建设的气象部门Notes系统已不能满足新的应用需求.本文分析了基于Domino R5全国气象部门Notes系统升级需求,介绍了基于Domino R8系统结构和特点,将通信方式由原来中央节点集中分发改变为直接的点对点通信,在服务器运算、I/O带宽占用和数据存储方面均作了改进,2009年3月升级完成后已稳定运行.此外,还提出了新系统建成初期可能出现的故障及其相应解决办法.