Constraints on biotic and abiotic role in the formation of Fe-Si oxides from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field

Fe-Si oxide deposits were recovered from the PACMANUS (Papua New Guinea-Australia-Canada-Manus) hydrothermal field in Eastern Manus basin. Samples were loose and fragile. Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that the samples had abundant rod-like or twisted filamentous and granular structures. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that these filaments and grains were mainly composed of Fe and Si. The presence of spherical grains on the surface of the filaments suggests the intergrowth of biotic and abiotic reactions. Biotic and abiotic kinetics competition always exists in the redox gradient. Based on the physico-chemical conditions of PACMANUS hydrothermal fluids, we calculated a strict abiotic oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, which is approximately 0.0123 g/min. If the fluids had been erupting consistently and the concentration of Fe²⁺ was constant, 3.232 kg per year of Fe would be deposited in this vent. The amount of Fe oxides around the studied vent was larger than the amount determined by strict abiotic kinetic calculation. Bacteria may also play an important role in Fe oxidation. A mesh-like microenvironment constructed by biogenic filaments ensured adequate Fe²⁺ and low oxygen content for the growth of bacteria. Moreover, this structure promoted the deposition of abiotic Fe-Si oxides.     

Formation of the modern current system in the East China Sea since the early Holocene and its relationship with sea level and the monsoon system

The Okinawa Trough is a natural laboratory for the study of air-sea interaction and paleoenvironmental change. It has been demonstrated that present offshore export of particles in the bottom nepheloid layer occur primarily with downwelling from the northeast winter monsoon, which is inhibited by a transverse circulation pattern in summer. This current system was very different during the Last Glacial Maximum owing to low sea level(-120 m) and exposure of a large shelf area. We collected sediment core Oki01 from the middle Okinawa Trough during 2012 using R/V K exue No. 1 to elucidate the timing and cause of the current system transition in the East China Sea. Clay mineral, dry density, and elemental(Ti, Ca) composition of core Oki01 was analyzed. The results indicate that clay minerals derived mainly from the Huanghe(Yellow) and the Changjiang(Yangtze) Rivers during 16.0–11.6 ka, and the modern current system in the East China Sea formed beginning in the early Holocene. Therefore, mixing of East China Sea continental shelf, Changjiang River and partially Taiwan Island sediment are the major contributors. The decrease of log(Ti/Ca) and alternating provenance since the early Holocene indicate less sediment from the East China in summer because of resistance of the modern current system, i.e., a "water barrier" and upwelling. Conversely, sediment delivery persists in winter and log(Ti/Ca) indicates the winter monsoon signal since the early Holocene. Our evidence also suggests that sediment from Taiwan Island could be transported by the Kuroshio Current to the middle Okinawa Trough, where it mingles with winter monsooninduced export of sediment from the Changjiang River and East China Sea continental shelf. Although the present research advances understanding of the evolutionary history of paleoenvironmental change in the Okinawa Trough, more sediment cores should be retrieved over wide areas to construct a larger scenario.     

Feasibility investigation on deep ocean compact autonomous Raman spectrometer developed for in-situ detection of acid radical ions

A newly developed Deep Ocean Compact Autonomous Raman Spectrometer(DOCARS) system is introduced and used for in-situ detection of acid radical ions in this paper. To evaluate the feasibility and capability of DOCARS for quantitative analysis of the acid radical ions in the deep ocean,extensive investigations have been carried out both in laboratory and sea trials during the development phase. In the laboratory investigations,Raman spectra of the prepared samples(acid radical ions solutions) were obtained,and analyzed using the method of internal standard normalization in data processing. The Raman signal of acid radical ions was normalized by that of water molecules. The calibration curve showed that the normalized Raman signal intensity of SO24 ˉ,NO ˉ 3,and HCO ˉ 3 increases linearly as the concentration rises with correlation coefficient R 2 of 0.99,0.99,and 0.98 respectively. The linear function obtained from the calibration curve was then used for the analysis of the spectra data acquired in the sea trial under a simulating chemical field in the deep-sea environment. It was found that the detected concentration of NO ˉ 3 according to the linear function can refl ect the concentration changes of NO ˉ 3 after the sample was released,and the detection accuracy of the DOCARS system for SO24 ˉ is 8%. All the results showed that the DOCARS system has great potential in quantitative detection of acid radical ions under the deep-sea environment,while the sensitivity of the DOCARS system is expected to be improved.     

矿田构造与岩浆-热力构造的类型划分及青海实例分析

多个造山带和盆地矿田地质调研发现,热力作用和热力构造有其广泛性和特殊性。岩浆-热力构造是指受岩浆-热力作用影响或控制,与岩浆侵入或火山喷发活动有一定联系,形成于岩浆岩体中或围岩地层中或远程热力作用影响区的一系列热力(含部分应力作用)形成的构造类型。在矿田、矿田地质和矿田构造的概念及类型划分研究基础上,提出了矿田构造和岩浆-热力构造的类型划分方案。按成矿期构造形成的主控作用方式,将矿田构造划分为:应力、热力、重力和复合转化4种构造类型。按照矿田岩浆活动-热力作用对成矿作用的控制影响深度、构造环境和成矿类型,将矿田岩浆-热力构造分为五大类24个亚类:1近地表热水喷流沉积-地热异常群集型;2热液型;3岩浆侵入-斑岩-矽卡岩-韧性剪切流变-热穹窿型;4岩浆通道-小岩体矿床-壳幔混合成矿型;5地幔热柱型。这些不同深度的岩浆-热力构造形成了不同类型的矿床,在壳幔岩浆-热力构造作用下,经常形成重要矿床类型组合和超大型矿床。对盐丘、岩浆热穹窿、地热异常、壳幔热柱等几种特殊类型的岩浆-热力构造进行了简要的特征分析。以青海祁漫塔格矿带景忍—虎头崖多金属矿田为实例,在矿田地质学指导下,以矿田建造和构造-岩相填图为基础,剖析矿区岩浆-热力构造特征,归纳其岩浆-热力构造类型为斑岩型+矽卡岩型+断控热液型,认为晚三叠世岩浆侵入作用是该区多金属大规模成矿的主要内因,岩浆侵入作用与各时代碳酸盐岩接触带形成了矽卡岩矿床,并且显示出印支期岩浆侵入体、斑岩、矽卡岩带、多组断裂破碎带和热液蚀变带的发育与找矿富集中心紧密套合,不同方向断裂控矿作用不同,近EW向和NWW向断裂控矿显著,矿田中深部成矿潜力较大。     

利用SAR影像配准偏移量提取地表形变的方法与误差分析

单一的InSAR观测技术可提取地表沿雷达视线方向(LOS)上的一维位移,而利用SAR影像配准过程中的同名像素偏移量可提取地表沿雷达方位向(近南北向)与距离向(近东西向)的二维形变场,与LOS方向的一维形变形成优势互补。本文在分析SAR影像配准偏移量提取地表形变场方法的基础上,推导建立了雷达方位向与距离向形变提取的误差模型,探讨了该方法提取地表形变的主要误差源。以Bam地震ASAR影像和玉树地震PALSAR影像为数据源,分别开展同震形变场的提取与误差分析试验,结果表明,基于SAR像素配准偏移量提取同震形变场的精度主要受匹配窗口尺寸与过采样因子影响,形变提取误差随匹配计算窗口的增大而减小,形变提取精度随过采样因子的增大有适量提高,地形起伏效应在高差较大的SAR影像区域中表现较为显著。     

我国生态保护用地概况与利用形势分析

生态保护用地是生态空间的自然主体和重要载体,在生态文明建设的时代背景下其重要性已受到广泛关注。基于土地利用的主体功能,生态保护用地包括林地、草地、湿地、城市绿地及其他地类。本文将生态用地的保护管理与我国土地管理实践相衔接,选取全国土地利用变更调查数据计算分析了我国生态保护用地的资源情况,研究了近年来我国生态保护用地的利用形势,为合理利用和科学管理生态保护用地提出建议。     

大气校正对SPOT卫星遥测水质的影响

藉由卫星遥测进行河川水质监测，目前尚没有较明确可行之方法，如何利用较为简单且适当的SPOT卫星遥测大气校正方法，正确辨识水体水质，是本研究的主要目的。利用SPOT卫星作两阶段非监督式及监督式自动分类，确认卫星影像中水质测站对应之水体样本，并将所有样本依季节分群，俾让卫星监测水体水质样本较为均质。模拟方式采用多变量回归、类神经网络及判别分析3种模式，并比较4种不同之大气校正程序。结果发现。以水质及其指标整体预测来看，类神经网络预测结果较优于多变量回归及判别分析的结果，大气校正方法以直接采用灰度值并消除最暗像元灰度值之校正方法，即可达到不错之预测结果。综合而言，以SPOT或分辨率更高之卫星光谱遥测水质是简单可行，但仍需更多数据以验证其精确度。     

EGM2008重力场模型在RTK高程测量中的应用

由于GPS测量得到的是WGS-84高程,而我国采用正常高系统,使用RTK高程必须进行高程拟合,需要均匀分布测区且数量足够的GPS/水准已知点。在我国大陆,EGM2008重力场模型高程异常总体精度为20cm,提出了将EGM2008模型应用于RTK高程测量的方法,根据实际应用检核结果,RTK单点校正即可达到较高精度。     

临近空间伪卫星区域独立组网布局研究

当前临近空间技术是人们研究的热点,在临近空间建立伪卫星区域独立组网系统可以满足地面导航定位的需求。本文分析了卫星精度因子的计算方法,提出基于经验的伪卫星区域优化布局搜索算法,找到一种最优的临近空间伪卫星区域独立组网布局,利用MATLAB进行仿真。与其他几种相同高度的伪卫星布局做仿真比较,结果显示,本文提出的伪卫星布局的DOP值较小,并给出了一些重要的结论。