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11.
The upper part of the lithosphere has been actively involved in various exogenic and endogenic processes which have left their imprint on the gravity field on the Indian Peninsula and the Himalaya. Analysis of the gravity field over the Dharwar craton shows that the greenstone belts of this craton have been formed as a result of development of deep fractures in the earth's crust during Archaean times. Precambrian mountain ranges such as the Aravallies, Vindhyans, Satpura and Eastern Ghats are located peripheral to Archaean cratons. Most of these mountain belts are characterized by gravity highs suggesting that the underlying crust is of higher than normal density. These mountain ranges with the exception of the Eastern Ghats do not appear to be locally compensated. Regional compensation seems to prevail over all these areas. Eastern Ghats ranges are also underlain by a crust of higher than normal density relative to the Dharwar and Bastar cratons and exist with a sharp contact with the cratons in the West. Isostatic compensation in the Eastern Ghats appears to have been achieved by thickening of the underlying crust. The Himalaya has attained a fairly high degree of isostatic compensation. 相似文献
12.
The Dharwar craton in the southern Indian shield has a wide distribution of volcano-sedimentary sequences surrounded by a vast gneissic complex, both of which have been intruded by younger granites. A gravity anomaly map of this craton, compiled from all the available data, is analysed here to study the structures and depths of the greenstone belts, the mode of granite emplacements and the greenstone-gneiss-granite associations in general. The anomaly map is a mosaic of well-defined gravity highs and lows characterizing the dense volcano-sedimentary sequences and exposed and/or concealed granites respectively. Gravity modelling indicates that the Shimoga belt has a limited depth range of only 3–4 km while the Chitradurga and Sandur belts have greater depths of over 10 km. The structures inferred for the Dharwar formations are alternating bands of synclines, filled with dense schistose rocks, separated by anticlinal ridges of gneisses and granites. 相似文献
13.
14.
J. Venkata Ratnam D. R. Sikka Akshara Kaginalkar Amit Kesarkar N. Jyothi Sudipta Banerjee 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(8-9):1641-1665
As a part of the Experimental Extended Range Monsoon Prediction Experiment, ensemble mode seasonal runs for the monsoon season
of 2005 were made using the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), T170L42 AGCM. The seasonal runs were made
using six initial atmospheric conditions based on the NCEP operational analysis and with forecast monthly sea-surface temperature
(SST) of the NCEP Coupled forecast system (CFS). These simulations were carried out on the PARAM Padma supercomputer of Centre
for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), India. The model climatology was prepared by integrating the model for ten
years using climatological SST as the lower boundary. The climatology of the model compares well with the observed, in terms
of the spatial distribution of rainfall over the Indian land mass. The model-simulated rainfall compares well with the Tropical
Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) estimates for the 2005 monsoon season. Compared to the model climatology (7.81 mm/day),
the model had simulated a normal rainfall (7.75 mm/day) for the year 2005 which is in agreement with the observations (99%
of long-term mean). However, the model could not capture the observed increase in September rainfall from that of a low value
in August 2005. The circulation patterns simulated by the model are also comparable to the observed patterns. The ensemble
mean onset is found to be nearer to the observed onset date within one pentad. 相似文献
15.
Summary The sensitivity of the simulation of the monsoon depressions to the cumulus parameterization schemes used in a numerical model
is studied using the Pennsylvania State University – National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) model MM5 version
3.6.2. Three different cases of monsoon depressions were studied with a two way interacting domains of 45 km and 15 km resolutions.
Two different cumulus parameterization schemes namely Grell (GR) and Kain-Fritsch (KF) were used for the sensitivity study.
The model was integrated for 48 hours with the initial and boundary conditions of European Center for Medium Range Weather
Forecasting Reanalysis (ERA-40) data. The results show that both the schemes are able to simulate the large scale features
of the monsoon depressions realistically. However, both the schemes failed to simulate the exact location of the depression
after 24- and 48-hour simulation. The rainfall simulations of both the schemes were very different. The model with the GR
scheme tends to over predict the rainfall. The KF scheme could simulate the distribution of the rainfall comparable to the
observations. The KF scheme could simulate the maximum observed rainfall but due to locational errors of the simulated depression,
the location of the maximum rainfall was not exact. It is also seen that the resolution of the model has a positive impact
on the rainfall simulation. The GR and KF schemes were able to realistically simulate the apparent heat sources, but the apparent
moisture profile simulated with KF scheme was more comparable to the verifying analysis. The root mean square errors of mean
sea-level pressure, temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind were smaller for KF simulation compared to the GR simulation.
Permanent affiliation: Center for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, India. 相似文献
16.
D. Subrahmanyam M. K. Tandon L. George S. K. Mishra 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1981,119(5):901-912
The role of barotropic processes in the development of a monsoon depression, formed on 5 July 1979 during MONEX observational period, is studied by considering it as a quasi-geostrophic divergent barotropic instability problem of zonal flow of 3 July 1979 at 700 mb level. Numerical solutions are obtained by initial value approach. The preferred wave has a wavelength of 2750 km, an e-folding time of 4.3 days, a period of 6.5 days and an eastward phase speed of 4.9 ms–1. Structure of preferred wave is found to be in good agreement with the observed horizontal structure of the depression at 700 mb. Poleward momentum transports are found to predominate over equatorward transports.Parts of this paper were presented at the National Symposium on Early Results of MONEX-1979. 9–12 March 1981, in New Delhi, India. 相似文献
17.
N. Subba Rao K. V. Srinivasa Rao P. Surya Rao Ch. Venkat Rao K. Arjunudu P. Madhusudhana Reddy A. Subrahmanyam 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(5):651-656
Groundwater samples were collected from a coastal region of Andhra Pradesh to assess the possible conditions of the formation
of carbonates. The area experiences a semi-arid climate and is underlain by khondalites, over which the Quaternary sediments
occur. The study of the geochemistry of groundwater indicates that groundwater is mostly of fresh, with alkaline nature. The
study further suggest that the breakdown of feldspars as kaolinite during rock-water interaction, releases Ca2+. Soils/weathered products contribute high CO2 under the open system. The Ca2+ and CO2 are added to the groundwater through the infiltrating recharge water. They subsequently precipitate as fine-grained carbonates
in the weathering profile due to evapotranspiration under a freshwater environment. 相似文献
18.
Magnetic anomalies of offshore Krishna-Godavari basin,eastern continental margin of India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. V. Swamy I. V. Radhakrishna Murthy K. S. Krishna K. S. R. Murthy A. S. Subrahmanyam M. M. Malleswara Rao 《Journal of Earth System Science》2009,118(4):405-412
The marine magnetic data acquired from offshore Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin, eastern continental margin of India (ECMI),
brought out a prominent NE-SW trending feature, which could be explained by a buried structural high formed by volcanic activity.
The magnetic anomaly feature is also associated with a distinct negative gravity anomaly similar to the one associated with
85°E Ridge. The gravity low could be attributed to a flexure at the Moho boundary, which could in turn be filled with the
volcanic material. Inversion of the magnetic and gravity anomalies was also carried out to establish the similarity of anomalies
of the two geological features (structural high on the margin and the 85°E Ridge) and their interpretations. In both cases,
the magnetic anomalies were caused dominantly by the magnetization contrast between the volcanic material and the surrounding
oceanic crust, whereas the low gravity anomalies are by the flexures of the order of 3–4 km at Moho boundary beneath them.
The analysis suggests that both structural high present in offshore Krishna-Godavari basin and the 85°E Ridge have been emplaced
on relatively older oceanic crust by a common volcanic process, but at discrete times, and that several of the gravity lows
in the Bay of Bengal can be attributed to flexures on the Moho, each created due to the load of volcanic material. 相似文献
19.
Theoretical approaches are of fundamental importance to predict the potential impact of waste disposal facilities on ground water contamination. Appropriate design parameters are generally estimated by fitting theoretical models to data gathered from field monitoring or laboratory experiments. Transient through-diffusion tests are generally conducted in the laboratory to estimate the mass transport parameters of the proposed barrier material. These parameters are usually estimated either by approximate eye-fitting calibration or by combining the solution of the direct problem with any available gradient-based techniques. In this work, an automated, gradient-free solver is developed to estimate the mass transport parameters of a transient through-diffusion model. The proposed inverse model uses a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm that is based on the social behavior of animals searching for food sources. The finite difference numerical solution of the forward model is integrated with the PSO algorithm to solve the inverse problem of parameter estimation. The working principle of the new solver is demonstrated and mass transport parameters are estimated from laboratory through-diffusion experimental data. An inverse model based on the standard gradient-based technique is formulated to compare with the proposed solver. A detailed comparative study is carried out between conventional methods and the proposed solver. The present automated technique is found to be very efficient and robust. The mass transport parameters are obtained with great precision. 相似文献
20.