Propagation of HM-waves with periods corresponding to periods ofPc1 micropulsations through the lower ionosphere

Summary The paper is based on the approximation of dispersion relations, derived in[1, 2]. The propagation of the electric field of HM-waves through three different models of the lower ionosphere is investigated. It is shown that the composition of the lower ionosphere displays a strong effect on the amplitudes and shape of the polarization diagram.     

Classification of landslides and other mass movements

Summary This paper presents a new universal classification of slope movements, destined for the purpose of engineering geological mapping. This classification was compiled after critical evaluation of the classifications used by now, on the basis of the experience gained by systematic study of slope movements in Czechoslovakia.The following 4 types of slope processes are recognized regarding to the geomechanical character and velocity of the movement: creep, sliding, flow and fall. Creep is a geologically long-term movement of non-increasing velocity without well-defined sliding surfaces. Sliding is a slope movement of coherent masses along one or more well-defined shear surfaces. Flow represents slope movements in rocks and soils, analogous to the movements in liquids. Fall is a sudden slope movement; the moving mass loses its coherence and, for a short time, also its contact with the underlying rock.The pictures show the elementary types of movements that are obvious in the European climatic conditions. Graphical representation of dimensions and velocity of the phenomena is included.

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Zusammenfassung Die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation geht zurück auf systematische Untersuchungen an Rutschgebieten in der SSR. Sie lehnt sich an die besten gebräuchlichen Klassifikationen an, wobei letztere einer kritischen Beurteilung unterzogen werden. Ziel des neuen Vorschlages ist die Erarbeitung von Kriterien für die ingenieurgeologische Kartierung.Auf Grund des geomechanischen Charakters der Bodenbewegungen werden folgende vier Vorgänge unterschieden: Kriechen — geologisch langandauernde, nicht beschleunigte Bewegungen ohne ausgeprägte Gleitflächen; Gleiten — Hangbewegungen zusammenhängender Massen längs einer oder mehrerer Gleitflächen; Fließen — Hangbewegungen von flüssigkeitsähnlichem Charakter; Fallen — plötzliche Hangbewegungen, wobei die bewegte Masse den inneren Zusammenhang und kurzfristig auch den Kontakt mit dem Liegenden verliert.Die Grundtypen werden an Hand europäischer Beispiele graphisch dargestellt und durch Angaben über Größenordnung der Massen und deren durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit ergänzt.

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Résumé D'après les expériences acquises pendant les études de glissements en Tchécoslovaquie et d'après l'examen critique des classifications employées jusqu'ici, on a recommendé la classification suivante, destinée avant tout au levé de géologie de l'ingénieur.En relation avec le caractère géomécanique des mouvements de pente et de leur vitesse, quatre processus sont distingués: fluage, glissement, écoulement, écroulement. Le fluage — mouvements géologiquement de longue durée, sans accélération et sans surfaces de glissement exprimées. Le glissement — mouvements de pente de masses cohérentes, le long d'une ou de plusieurs surfaces de glissement. L'écoulement — mouvements de pente dans les roches et les sols, analogues aux mouvements dans les liquides. L'écroulement — mouvements de pente soudains, au cours desquelles les masses en mouvement perdent entièrement leur connexion intérieure et, pour un temps aussi, le contact avec le sous-sol.Les exemples sur les figures représentent les types principaux des mouvements courants dans les conditions climatiques de l'Europe. On indique aussi les dimensions et la vitesse moyenne des types individuels.

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With 4 Figures     

The influence of surfactants on the measurements of copper and cadmium speciation in model seawater by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

Model systems consisting of a heavy metal ion (Cu²⁺ or Cd²⁺), complexing ligand (EDTA or NTA), a surfactant (9,12-octadecadienoic acid, C₁₈H₃₂O₂, i.e., linoleic acid), and a surfactant which is at the same time a complexing ligand (tert-octylphenol etoxylate, C₈H₁₇(C₆H₄)(OC₂H₄)_9–10OH, i.e., Triton-X-100) in seawater and NaCl solution were used in order to investigate the influence of the surfactant adsorption (on the electrode surface) on the heavy metal speciation measurements. The samples were titrated with either the metal, complexing ligand or surfactant and were measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. It was shown that the surfactant adsorption exerts a strong influence upon the overall metal redox process and, thus, changes considerably both the apparent complexing capacity and the conditional stability constant of the system. Considering the presence of high concentrations of surfactants in polluted seawaters, the danger of measuring the apparent complexing capacity with the anodic stripping voltammetry method, without a detailed knowledge of surfactant properties and influence upon the system, is discussed.     

The Updated fe Ionization Equilibrium for the Electron K-Distributions

In the past few years new calculations of the ionization and recombination rates have been published. The new Fe ionization equilibrium for these new rates is available for a Maxwellian distribution. Therefore the updated Fe ionization equilibrium for the non-thermal -distribution with an enhanced number of particles in the high-energy tail is presented. Results for the various deviations from a Maxwellian distribution are given in tabular form and these are compared with previous ones. A method for the determination of an energy distribution different from the Maxwellian one is suggested.     

TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF THE CORONAL GREEN-LINE INDEX (1947–1998)

Temporal variability of the coronal index – the `Sun as a star' coronal green-line irradiance – is presented using wavelet transform over the epoch of almost 5 solar cycles. A significant index variability was found for all periods, particularly for the periods of 150 days and 1year as well as 28days. Connection of the variability with the phase of solar magnetic activity is outlined. The enhanced power of the 150-day period is dominant before and after the magnetic activity maxima in four out of the five cycles analyzed. To the contrary, no enhanced power was found just during the maxima of all cycles for this period. No clear periodic power behavior was found for the periods at about one year. Substantial rotation period variations of the coronal index up to 5days take place over relatively short time intervals. A comparison of the results of the Fourier transform and the time-period wavelet transform of the coronal index time series shows that only the application of the wavelet analysis enables one to find the relation between the coronal index variability and the course of the magnetic activity of the Sun.     

Asymptotic Elastodynamic Green Function in the Kiss Singularity in Homogeneous Anisotropic Solids

The far-field asymptotic formula is derived for the elastodynamic Green function in the kiss singularity in homogeneous anisotropic solids. In contrast to standard asymptotics in regular directions the derived formula is more complex and expressed in the form of a 1-D integral. This integral is specified for the kiss singularity along the symmetry axis in transverse isotropy and along the fourfold symmetry axes in tetragonal and cubic symmetries. The shape of the slowness surface in the singularity is regular in transverse isotropy and the amplitude of the Green function is expressed by means of the Gaussian curvature of this surface in the singularity. However, the shape of the slowness surface is irregular and the Gaussian curvature is not defined in the singularity in tetragonal or cubic symmetries. In this case, the amplitude of the Green function is expressed by means of the generalized Gaussian curvature.