A Simple Physically-Based Model for Wind-Turbine Wake Growth in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

A systematic evaluation is conducted of the smoothed spectrum, which is a spectral estimate obtained by averaging over a window of contiguous frequencies. The technique is extended to the ogive, as well as to the cross-spectrum. It is shown that, combined with existing variance estimates for the periodogram, the variance—and therefore the random error—associated with these estimates can be calculated in a straightforward way. The smoothed spectra and ogives are biased estimates; with simple power-law analytical models, correction procedures are devised, as well as a global constraint that enforces Parseval’s identity. Several new results are thus obtained: (1) The analytical variance estimates compare well with the sample variance calculated for the Bartlett spectrum and the variance of the inertial subrange of the cospectrum is shown to be relatively much larger than that of the spectrum. (2) Ogives and spectra estimates with reduced bias are calculated. (3) The bias of the smoothed spectrum and ogive is shown to be negligible at the higher frequencies. (4) The ogives and spectra thus calculated have better frequency resolution than the Bartlett spectrum, with (5) gradually increasing variance and relative error towards the low frequencies. (6) Power-law identification and extraction of the rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy are possible directly from the ogive. (7) The smoothed cross-spectrum is a valid inner product and therefore an acceptable candidate for coherence and spectral correlation coefficient estimation by means of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The quadrature, phase function, coherence function and spectral correlation function obtained from the smoothed spectral estimates compare well with the classical ones derived from the Bartlett spectrum.     

台风暴雨次天气系统影响因素及扰动传播路径

研究了台风暴雨次天气，中尺度系统发生、发展的影响因素。数值试验表明，台风外围环流与中纬系统相互作用可促发局地次天气尺度、中尺度系统的新生扰动、造成非均匀分布的台风暴雨动云团及雨，且一大地形强迫效应在暴雨系统形成中亦起重要作用。台风环流与地形辐合抬升作用可促发中尺度扰动，并以类似重力波特征的波列路径向外传播。     

Dredging influenced sediment toxicity of endosulfan and lindane on black tiger shrimp （Penaeus monodon Fabricius） in Chantaburi River estuary in Thailand

Series of experiments, including background sediment elutriate, spiked-sediment elutriate and spiked- water toxicity tests, were carried out to study the effect of dredging on survivability and ecological competence of commercially important shrimp postlarvae of Penaeus monodon Fabricius. The test sediment represented the most contaminated from endosulfan and lindane in the Chantaburi river mouth estuary. The maximum sediment contamination levels were 49.4 μg/kg of endosulfan and 58.1 μg/kg of lindane in dry weight basis. Dose-response studies in static, non-renewal spiked-sediment elutriate toxicity tests revealed that LC 50 （96 h） values for survival effect based on measured concentrations were 0.50 （0.26-0.95） μg/L for endosulfan and 0.92 （0.63-1.34） μg/L for lindane. The LOECs for endosulfan and lindane were 0.141 and 0.429 μg/L, respectively. The NOECs were estimated to be the dissoluted endosulfan and lindane concentrations from the Chantaburi estuary sediment. The effects on phenoloxidase enzyme activity in shrimp postlarvae exposed for sub-lethal to lethal doses in sediment elutriate were not significant （p〉0.05） at all tested dose levels. The worst case dissolution concentrations of endosulfan and lindane in the water column upon simulatory dredging in the Chantaburi estuary were found to be toxic to shrimp postlarvae on lethal and sub-lethal effects. The NOECs of respective chemicals （i.e., 0.034 and 0.16 μg/L） shared the same orders of magnitude for corresponding NOECs established for whole salt water aquatic life by the USEPA and ＂safe＂ levels calculated by 0.01 safety factor approach. In addition, the significance of multiple pollutant assessments for ecological toxicity testing is highlighted.     

远古时代京津唐地区一次大震的研究

本文介绍了京津唐地区内埋藏在全新世地层中的一次古地震遗迹和构造变形。通过对本区全新世地层、古环境的研究确定这次地震事件为距今4000年、本区海侵结束时发生的,恰恰与史料纪载的“地震传说”一致。文章最后对发震背景,砂基液化以及震中、震级等问题进行了一些讨论     

天津海河隐伏断裂的晚第四纪活动特征研究

在海河隐伏断裂精确定位的基础上 ,文中利用天津地区晚第四纪地层中的 4个海相地层作为标志层 ,通过地质钻孔勘探、微体古生物鉴定、地层对比及年代学测定和研究 ,获得了海河断裂的晚第四纪活动特征。研究表明 ,海河断裂在天津市区段的上断点埋深为 2 1m ,对应的最新活动时代为晚更新世晚期至全新世早、中期 ,塘沽区段的上断点埋深为 16 4m ,最新活动时代已进入了全新世早、中期 ;天津市区段在晚更新世晚期 (36 2 90aBP)以来 ,垂直运动速度为 0 2 4 8mm/a ,塘沽区段全新世(72 0 0aBP)以来的平均垂直运动速率为 0 333mm/a。这表明海河断裂塘沽区段 (东段 )的活动性明显高于市区段 (西段     

Relation Between the Evolution of Earthquake Precursory Field and the Nonlinear Concentration of Energy

The evolutional process of precursory fields for the Tangshan earthquake with MS7.8 and the Datong earthquake with MS6.1 was simulated by using the process of regional energy concentration for the nonlinear vibration in inhomogeneous media. The results show that the various precursory features observed during the seismogenic process would be related with the nonlinear concentration of energy in the crust.     

渤海湾西岸南大港、北大港中晚全新世潟湖底板虚拟重建

约400km^2的1：5万白水头-歧口镇幅是渤海湾西岸南大港与北大港古湖的组成部分。以1：5万白水头-歧口镇幅175个区域地质调查点的多维数据——点的坐标、点的地表与所揭露的潟湖底板的高程和区域性年代学框架——为基础，对南、北大港古潟湖其余约880km^2未实测区域布设控制贝壳堤和潟湖底板高程的虚拟三维地质点275个(虚拟点的坐标、贝壳堤顶部与湖底板的高程)。应用C-Tech公司EVS Pro软件的三维技术处理实测与虚拟的450个地质点，获得了约5000年以来、面积约1280km^2的南、北大港古潟湖底板与贝壳堤的模拟形态。     

若干地区出土部分商周青铜器的矿料来源研究

本工作采用ICP-AES方法,测试分析了若干地区出土青铜器残片的微量元素,初步探索了它们的矿料来源.将青铜器与铜绿山、铜陵、南陵、中条山、照壁山等先秦矿冶遗址铜锭或铜块的特征微量元素进行比较研究后,发现安徽境内青铜器的铜矿料主要来自长江中下游的古铜矿,而辽西地区和侯马青铜器的铜料则可能来自大井铜矿或其周边铜矿.同时,研...