滑雪旅游开发布局影响因素与对策研究——以内蒙古自治区滑雪旅游开发为例

滑雪度假旅游成为欧美山地旅游开发的主要形式。近十几年来，山地滑雪旅游在中国迅速发展，并成为东北一些地方旅游产品的主打品牌。本文从滑雪旅游开发布局影响因素研究出发，通过对中国滑雪旅游市场的需求与供给这对矛盾的全面分析，对照发达国家的滑雪旅游开展状况，总结出中国目前比较缺乏中高端的旅游滑雪场所。据此，作者提出内蒙古应以发展中高端滑雪旅游作为切入点，以阿尔山国际滑雪场为主，建立山地型滑雪网络和滑雪天堂的旅游形象。这些重要结论，对内蒙古发展冰雪旅游业、突破冬季无旅游、延长旅游季节性等方面有重要的指导意义。     

美国大都市旅游带的生长机理及其启示

以纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥为核心的美国三大都市旅游带,是伴随着美国城市化的形成而出现的。在美国三大都市旅游带的发展进程中,城市郊区化起了积极的联结与推进作用。某种意义上说,是郊区化的出现导致了多中心城市空间结构的形成和巨型城市带的兴起,进而促进了大都市旅游带的形成。比较美国三大都市旅游带与我国沿海大都市旅游带的发展,美国作为城市化高度发达国家,在城市化的进程中,城市空间规模的扩张、城市数量的增多和城市经济规模的扩大,推动了都市旅游带的发展。美国都市旅游带的生成特征与生长机理对我国沿海都市旅游带发展具有一定的启示。     

山东安丘地区郯庐断裂带古近纪冲积物震积岩序列

在郯庐断裂带的安丘—夏庄箕状盆地的古近纪朱壁店组厚层冲积层中,发育许多震积岩层。它们是由地震液化、地震裂隙充填、振动塌落、地震断裂和地震沉陷作用而形成的震积岩组合。通过野外观测、室内鉴定和比较地震地质学研究,鉴别出了液化砂岩脉、液化砂岩墙、液化砂岩团块、裂隙充填砂砾岩墙、震塌岩、地震成因层内断裂及地震沉陷构造等震积岩构造。根据震积岩构造的特征和有关的研究成果,本文建立了由A、B和C3个震积岩单元组成的震积岩序列。水饱和砂受强烈振动液化作用形成A单元;随后,由砂砾层或砂层的地震裂隙充填和震动塌落而形成B单元;最后,由层内断裂作用及地面沉陷作用生成C单元;该序列的3个单元反映了厚层冲积物的地震作用全过程。     

黄河源区冰楔假型群的发育及其古气候意义*

在黄河源区两岸的第二级阶地砂砾层和基座中发现了两种不同形态的冰楔假型群。一种是发育在阶地砂砾石层的冰楔假型,其特点宽而浅,底部边界呈圆滑锅状,深约0.5~0.9m,宽0.8~1.4m;另一种是发育在第二级阶地基座的基岩中,以窄深倒三角状为特点,其底部尖锐,深约0.7~2.0m,宽为0.3~1.0m。前者形成于全新世中期(5.69±0.43kaB.P.,5.43±0.41kaB.P.),后者形成于末次冰期的冰消期(13.49±1.43kaB.P.)。另外,还在洪积的砂砾石层中发现了规模较大的冻融褶皱(宽3~4m),其时代晚于39.83±3.84kaB.P.,也是末次冰期的产物。根据冰楔假型的对比研究,在全新世的中期(约5.5kaB.P.前后)和冰消期,黄河源区的降温幅度达6~7℃。尤其值得注意的是全新世中期的冰楔假型形成,表明了大暖期气温的不稳定性。     

Origin of natural sulphur-bearing immiscible inclusions and H2S in oolite gas reservoir, Eastern Sichuan

Based on results of microscopic observation and laser Raman analysis about fluid inclusions, multiple special forms of immiscible inclusions that contain sulphur, liquid hydrocarbon, bitumen, etc. were discovered in samples collected from the H₂S gas reservoir-containing carbonates in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Jinzhu-Luojia area, Kai County, Sichuan Province. Based on the lithology and burial history of the strata involved as well as measurement results of homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, bitumen reflectivity, etc., it is concluded that the H₂S in the gas reservoir resulted from the thermal reaction between hydrocarbons in reservoir and CaSO₄ in the gypsum-bearing dolostone section at the high temperature (140°C–17°C) oil-cracked gas formation stage in Late Cretaceous. Thereafter, research on a great number of immiscible inclusions in the reservoir reveals that elemental sulphur resulted from oxidation of part of the earlier-formed H₂S and further reaction between sulphates, hydrocarbons and H₂S in geological fluids in H₂S-bearing gas reservoir at a temperature of 86°C–89°C and a pressure of 340×10⁵Pa and during the regional uplift stage as characterized by temperature decrease and pressure decrease in Tertiary. Meanwhile, gypsum, anhydrite and calcite formed at this stage would trap particles like elemental sulphur and result in a variety of special forms of immiscible inclusions, and these inclusions would contain information concerning the complexity of the fluids in the reservoir and the origin of H₂S and natural sulphur in the gas reservoir.     

Relationships between δ18O in summer precipitation and temperature and moisture trajectories at Muztagata, western China

Based on summer observations of stable isotope of precipitation at Muztagata, western China, during 2002-2003, this paper presents the relationship between δ ¹⁸O in precipitation and air temperature, and discusses the effect of moisture transport on δ ¹⁸O in precipitation. Results show that air temperature correlates positively with δ ¹⁸O in precipitation, and the temperature effect controls the δ ¹⁸O of precipitation in this area. The Muztagata region exhibits high δ ¹⁸O values in summer precipitation, similar to those shown at stations in adjacent regions. According to the results of our model set up to trace the moisture trajectories, the westerlies and local moisture circulation contribute to variations of oxygen isotopes in precipitation. In addition, the impacts of the moisture transport distance, the moisture transport level, and the incursion of the polar air mass also influence the variations of δ ¹⁸O in precipitation. The moisture origins and transport mechanisms also contribute to the variation of δ ¹⁸O in precipitation at Muztagata.     

浅谈防震减灾行政执法

简要分析防震减灾行政执法工作现状,结合山西省在明确地震行政执法主体,完善行政执法体制和行政执法责任制等方面的工作,认为依法行政,行政执法是核心;行政执法,执法体制是关键,执法责任制是保障。通过强化行政执法工作,达到管理、服务社会的目的。     

黄土塬区煤田弯线地震勘探采集技术的应用

在黄土塬区,选择弯线地震勘探技术,相对传统的直测线地震勘探而言,可以克服由于黄土巨厚、沟谷陡峭、黄土干燥疏松且厚度横向变化剧烈等因素造成的激发、接收困难。设计弯线地震勘探观测系统,应遵循空间、时间条件来决定叠加次数;并考虑弯线叠加特点,计算弯曲测线共反射面元属性及道距、炮间距;根据动校正拉伸畸变,速度精度要求等综合因素选择炮检距。总之,弯线地震勘探技术的关键在于共反射面元属性分析,炮检中点的分散范围、分散度等参数的计算及优化。     

巴彦浩特盆地烃渗漏蚀变带"磁亮点"的识别

采用多层组合棱柱体建立了磁性蚀变带磁场正演模型,并分析了由它产生的“磁亮点”的特征,运用“磁亮点”的宽度和异常幅值特征构制的滤波器,提取了7个可能与烃运移有关的“磁亮点”。结合地质与伽马能谱测量资料的分析得出,其中的2个“磁亮点”位于含油地层石炭系较厚的凹中隆和山前断阶带,且该区也有放射性低值异常显示,是值得进一步工作的油气远景区。     

THE MOST VIOLENT SUPER-ACTIVE REGIONS IN THE 22nd AND 23rd CYCLES

We survey 14 super-active regions (SARs) in the 22nd cycle and 15 SARs in the 23rd cycle. Each produced major flares and major solar storms. Among them, the 25 most violent super active regions (VSARs) are selected based on five parameters: the largest area of sunspots, X-ray flare index (XRI), 10.7 cm radio flux, proton flux and geomagnetic A _p index. In order to understand the VSARs, we have investigated a few key magnetic properties of those regions, i.e., net magnetic flux, tilt angle and force-free parameter _best. The following results are found: (1) Most VSARs (84%) in our samples have net magnetic flux greater than 10²¹ Mx, implying that those are seriously unbalanced flux regions. Unbalanced flux active regions probably provide a nest to relate the small-scale to the large-scale magnetic field. (2) Most of the VSARs (68%) are of abnormal magnetic structure, violating the Hale–Nicholson Law. For most of the normal VSARs, the tilt angles are larger than 40°. 84% of the VSARs follow the hemispheric helicity rule. Generally, they have large magnetic twist and writhe helicity. (3) We also enlarge our samples to study the locations of VSARs by adding the top 10 of the major flares, proton events and severe magnetic storms from 1976 to 2001. It is found that 77% in our 30 samples of VSARs were preferentially located in 4 longitude bands, i.e., l _c=80°±15° l _c=170°±15° l _c=260°±15° and l _c=350°±15°. The interval of those longitude bands is roughly 90°. From the above results, we suggest that there probably is a special magnetic environment in the sub-photosphere of the four longitude bands where it is preferred to produce abnormal and complex active regions which easily produce major flares and major solar storms. Area, magnetic class, net magnetic flux, Carrington longitude and tilt angle of an active region may serve to predict likelihood of the active region producing hazarded space weather.