Mapping Wetland Areas Using Landsat-Derived NDVI and LSWI: A Case Study of West Songnen Plain,Northeast China

Increasing interest in wetlands for environmental management requires an understanding of the location, spatial extent, and configuration of the resource. The National Wetlands Inventory is the most commonly used data source for this information. However, its accuracy is limited in some contexts, such as agricultural and forested wetlands. An large number of studies have mapped wetlands worldwide from the perspective of land use and land cover change. However, information on the actual wetland planting areas annually is limited, which greatly impacts ongoing research. In this case study of the West Songnen Plain, we developed a simple algorithm for the quick mapping of wetlands by utilizing their unique physical features, such as annual display of phenological land-cover change of exposed soils, shallow flooding water, and plants from multi-temporal Landsat images. Temporal variations of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) derived from Landsat images in 2010 for wetlands at different growth stages were analyzed. Results show that during the ante-tillering phase, the NDVI value (above zero) is lower than the LSWI value of paddies because of flooding of shallow water; during the reproductive and ripening phases, the NDVI value is higher than the LSWI value (above zero); and during the post-harvest wetland planting phase, the NDVI value is still higher than the LSWI value, but the LSWI value is negative. Wetland areas can be detected using one or two images in the optimum time window. The algorithm based on the difference of NDVI and LSWI values derived from Landsat images was used to extract the actual wetland planting area. Validated alongside statistical data, the algorithm showed high accuracy. Therefore, this algorithm highlights the unique features of wetlands and can help in mapping the actual wetland area annually on a regional scale. Results further indicate that the new method has a classification accuracy of 92 %. In comparison, two traditional methods based on Landsat-7/ETM registered accuracy rates of only 83 % and 87 % respectively.     

Geostatistical approaches to refinement of digital elevation data

Data refinement refers to the processes by which a dataset’s resolution, in particular, the spatial one, is refined, and is thus synonymous to spatial downscaling. Spatial resolution indicates measurement scale and can be seen as an index for regular data support. As a type of change of scale, data refinement is useful for many scenarios where spatial scales of existing data, desired analyses, or specific applications need to be made commensurate and refined. As spatial data are related to certain data support, they can be conceived of as support-specific realizations of random fields, suggesting that multivariate geostatistics should be explored for refining datasets from their coarser-resolution versions to the finer-resolution ones. In this paper, geostatistical methods for downscaling are described, and were implemented using GTOPO30 data and sampled Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data at a site in northwest China, with the latter’s majority grid cells used as surrogate reference data. It was found that proper structural modeling is important for achieving increased accuracy in data refinement; here, structural modeling can be done through proper decomposition of elevation fields into trends and residuals and thereafter. It was confirmed that effects of semantic differences on data refinement can be reduced through properly estimating and incorporating biases in local means.     

客运专线轨检小车测量控制系统研究与开发

针对国内某轨检小车研发项目,采用模块化的程序设计集成开发环境Microsoft Visual Studio.NET,开发出了一套功能完善的高速铁路轨道检测控制系统。该系统以高速铁路精密定轨测量原理方法为基础,采用模块化的程序设计思路,实现了轨道检测数据的自动采集、自动记录、自动数据分析和平差处理、成果显示和自动检核等功能。工程应用实践表明,该检测系统运行稳定可靠,检测精度高,具有一定的实用性和推广价值。     

在服务国土资源管理改革创新中释放信息化正能量

以党中央关于信息化工作的战略部署为统领,研判新一代信息技术对信息化建设与应用服务模式带来的革新,综合分析信息化对于服务保障国土资源管理已取得的显著成效,以及今后行政体制改革方向和生态文明建设新要求,预示着在国土资源管理改革创新中还蕴涵着巨大的信息化红利,基于"一张图"和"三大平台"在可预见的将来仍不会过时的基本判断,并将其作为逻辑起点,以国土资源管理改革创新业务目标为导向、以构建"智慧国土"为愿景、以新一代信息技术与国土资源管理业务深度融合为措施,提出全面升级国土资源信息化体系的基本思路和途径。     

Rank-defect adjustment model for survey-line systematic errors in marine survey net

In this paper, the structure of systematic and random errors in marine survey net are discussed in detail and the adjustment method for observations of marine survey net is studied, in which the rank-defect characteristic is discovered first up to now. On the basis of the survey-line systematic error model, the formulae of the rank-defect adjustment model are deduced according to modern adjustment theory. An example of calculations with really observed data is carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of this adjustment model. Moreover, it is proved that the semi-systematic error correction method used at present in marine gravimetry in China is a special case of the adjustment model presented in this paper.     

Optimization of land use structure based on ecological GREEN equivalent

Optimization of land use structure consists of economic and social and ecological optimization. Applying the minds of system engineering and principles of ecology, this paper presents such thoughts: the optimal forest-coverage rate calculated according to the reality of a district is set as main standard of ecological rationality in the district; through considering the value of ecosystem services of the land with GREEN equivalent (mainly cultivated land and grassland) and based on the rule, GREEN equivalent, this paper introduces the area conversion between woodland and cultivated land, also between woodland and grassland; this paper establishes a multi-dimension controlling model of optimization of land use structure. In addition, a multi-objective linear programming model for optimization of land use structure is designed. In the end, this paper tests and verifies this theory of ecological optimization, taking Qionghai city in Hainan Province as an example.     

Models for analyzing the driving force of cultivated land supply change

This paper focuses on a series of quantitative analysis models, such as grey relational analysis model, hierarchical cluster analysis model, principal component analysis model, linear regression model and elastic coefficient model. These models are used to analyze the comprehensive function and effect of driving forces systemically, including analysis on features, analysis for differentiating the primary and the secondary, analysis on comprehensive effects, analysis of elasticity, analysis of prediction. The primary and characteristic factors can be extracted by analysis of features and analysis for differentiating the primary and the secondary. Analysis on prediction and elasticity can predict the area of cultivated land in the future and find out which factors exert great influence on the cultivated land supply.     

Integrated data processing method for GPS and INS field test over Rocky Mountain

The method of integrated data processing for GPS and INS(inertial navigation system) field test over the Rocky Mountains using the adaptive Kalman filtering technique is presented. On the basis of the known GPS outputs and the offset of GPS and INS, state equations and observations are designed to perform the calculation and improve the navigation accuracy. An example shows that with the method the reliable navigation parameters have been obtained.     

基于天绘卫星影像的困难地区地形图测制方法

介绍了基于天绘影像的困难地区地形图测制技术,针对困难地区地形图的特点,分析影响地形图测制的因素,总结了提高困难地区地形图成果质量的方法。     

Global ionosphere map constructed by using total electron content from ground-based GNSS receiver and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS occultation experiment

Effects of rapidly changing ionospheric weather are critical in high accuracy positioning, navigation, and communication applications. A system used to construct the global total electron content (TEC) distribution for monitoring the ionospheric weather in near-real time is needed in the modern society. Here we build the TEC map named Taiwan Ionosphere Group for Education and Research (TIGER) Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) from observations of ground-based GNSS receivers and space-based FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) GPS radio occultation observations using the spherical harmonic expansion and Kalman filter update formula. The TIGER GIM (TGIM) will be published in near-real time of 4-h delay with a spatial resolution of 2.5° in latitude and 5° in longitude and a high temporal resolution of every 5 min. The F3/C TEC results in an improvement on the GIM of about 15.5%, especially over the ocean areas. The TGIM highly correlates with the GIMs published by other international organizations. Therefore, the routinely published TGIM in near-real time is not only for communication, positioning, and navigation applications but also for monitoring and scientific study of ionospheric weathers, such as magnetic storms and seismo-ionospheric anomalies.