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781.
Effect of chemical fertilizers on the fractionation of Cu,Cr and Ni in contaminated soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jie Liu Chang-Qun Duan Yi-Nian Zhu Xue-Hong Zhang Cheng-Xian Wang 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(8):1601-1606
Effect of chemical fertilizers (urea, NH4Cl, Ca(NO3)2, KCl and KH2PO4) on the fractionation of Cu, Cr and Ni was studied by a 4-month incubation experiment. Using sequential extraction procedure,
it was found that the application of fertilizers could change the distribution of Cu, Cr and Ni in the fractions of soil.
Applying urea (CO(NH2)2) significantly decreased the concentrations of Cu, Cr and Ni in water soluble plus exchangeable (WE) fraction, but increased
those in Fe–Mn oxides bound (FM) fraction (p < 0.01). However, application of NH4Cl caused an increase in the WE fraction by 27.7% for Cu, 111.5% for Cr and 20.4% for Ni. The CO(NH2)2 raised the soil pH from 4.51 to 4.96, whereas NH4Cl lowered the pH of soil by 0.44 units. The WE fraction of the three heavy metals was significantly increased, while the
FM fraction was significantly decreased by adding KCl (p < 0.01). Moreover, the supply of KH2PO4 reduced the WE and carbonate bound (CB) fractions of Cu, Cr and Ni in the soil, however, it raised Cu and Ni in the residual
(RS) fraction and Cr in the FM fraction. In addition, the mobility index indicated that KCl and NH4Cl increased the mobility of Cu, Cr and Ni in the soil, whereas urea and KH2PO4 decreased the mobility of the three metals in the soil. These results suggest that applying chemical fertilizers does not
only provide plant nutrients, but may also change the speciation and mobility of heavy metals in the soil. 相似文献
782.
土壤侵蚀治理范式与生态学理论的耦合关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目前土壤侵蚀已经成为全球普遍关注的环境问题, 土壤侵蚀治理范式是近年水土保持研 究中的一个热点。本文探讨了“范式”在科学研究中的变迁过程以及对土壤侵蚀防治的重要意义, 并且讨论了土壤侵蚀防治范式与生态学范式之间的耦合关系, 指出生态学思想对土壤侵蚀科学 的发展有重要的借鉴作用, 强调在进行土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须考虑生态因子。土壤侵蚀过程和 生态过程是相互渗透在一起, 它们之间所表现的是相辅相成的耦合关系, 生态学中的自然均衡思 想、系统非平衡态理论、等级缀块动态理论都深刻的影响着土壤侵蚀科学的发展并且都得到不同 程度的应用。在土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须重视生态环境平衡思想。 相似文献
783.
根据水力侵蚀面蚀和沟蚀两种不同侵蚀形态发生过程尺度空间大小不一的侵蚀特点,确定了研究区面蚀和沟蚀的不同调查评价方法.面蚀的发生过程空间尺度小,选用小区调查方法进行,而沟蚀的发生过程尺度空间大,在典型调查小流域尺度进行全面调查.然后在两种尺度下,分析形成沟蚀和面蚀的影响因素,进行沟蚀程度和面蚀强度分级,并把研究成果展延到澜沧江凤庆河流域和晓街河流域.最后,以在典型调查小流域的研究结果为对照判别依据,判断风庆河和晓街河流域的土壤侵蚀状况.结果显示,澜沧江典型流域的面蚀强度差异不大,沟蚀是造成不同流域土壤侵蚀和沟道输沙差异的主要水力侵蚀形式. 相似文献
784.
Zhaoyin WANG Shimin TIAN Yujun YI Guoan YU 《国际泥沙研究》2007,22(4):247-262
River regulation and river training have been performed for various purposes and negative effects have been shown in numerous cases. In some cases the negative effects are so serious that humans have to consider to "renaturalize" the regulated rivers. Only by using the strategy of integrated river management the diverse river uses and natural fluvial processes and ecological systems may be harmonized. Based on analysis of case studies and data collected from literatures this paper presents the concept of integrated river management and four principles of river training. The integrated river management comprises: 1) taking the watershed, upper stream basin including the tributaries, middle and lower reaches and the estuary as an integrated entity in the planning, design and management; and 2) mitigating or controlling the negative impacts on hydrology, erosion and sedimentation, fluvial processes, land use and river use, environment and ecology while in achieving economic benefit from water resources development, flood safety management and hydropower exploitation. River training and management should be in accordance with the four principles: 1) extending the duration of river water flowing on the continent, which may be achieved by extending the river course or reducing the flow velocity; 2) controlling various patterns of erosions and reducing the sediment transportation in the rivers; 3) increasing the diversity of habitat and enhancing the connectivity between the river and riparian waters; and 4) restoring natural landscapes. 相似文献
785.
Lance A. Waller Li Zhu Carol A. Gotway Dennis M. Gorman Paul J. Gruenewald 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(5):573-588
Past studies consistently indicate measurable local associations between alcohol distribution and the incidence of violence.
These results, coupled with measurements of spatial correlation, reveal the importance of spatial analysis in the study of
the interaction of alcohol and violence. While studies increasingly incorporate spatial correlation among model residuals
to improve precision and reduce bias, to date, most analyses assume associations that are constant and independent of location,
an assumption coming under increasing scrutiny in the quantitative geography literature. In this paper, we review and contrast
two approaches for the estimation of and inference for spatially heterogeneous effects (i.e., associative factors whose impacts on the outcome of interest vary throughout geographic space). Specifically,
we provide an in-depth comparison of “geographically weighted regression” models (allowing covariate effects to vary in space
but only allowing relatively ad hoc inference) with “variable coefficient” models (allowing varying effects via spatial random
fields and providing model-based estimation and inference, but requiring more advanced computational techniques). We compare
the approaches with respect to underlying conceptual structures, computational implementation, and inferential output. We
apply both approaches to violent crime, illegal drug arrest, and alcohol distribution data from Houston, Texas and compare
results in light of the differing methodological structures of the two approaches. 相似文献
786.
Prediction of surface horizontal displacements, and gravity and tilt changes caused by filling the Three Gorges Reservoir 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Horizontal displacements, and gravity and tilt changes induced by filling the Three Gorges Reservoir are modeled using elastic
loading Green functions. When the water surface reaches its highest level, the effects become maximum on the reservoir banks.
The longitudinal and latitudinal components of the horizontal displacements reach −8.2 and 7.7 mm respectively, gravity is
increased by up to 3.4 mGal, and the prime vertical and meridian components of the tilt changes are −7.8 and −17.5 arcseconds
respectively. Accordingly, the filling of the reservoir will influence values observed from global positioning system (GPS),
gravimetry and tilt measurements in the area. The results given can be used to provide important corrections for extracting
earthquake-related signals from observed data.
Received: 19 January 2001 / Accepted: 3 September 2001 相似文献
787.
788.
789.
江苏省夏季气温异常的海气背景 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10
通过1961-1998年江苏省11个站点夏季(6-8月)平均气温的EOF分析,探讨江苏省夏温异常的时空分布结构,并在此基础上,分析其前期及同期500hPa高度距平场、海温距平场的特征,得到了一些对本地夏季气温异常预测有意义的结果。 相似文献
790.
一种提高CCD成像卫星空间分辨率的方法研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
从卫星硬件设计与地面软件处理相结合的角度出发,建立了一套提高卫星图像空间分辨率的方法。对模拟靶标图像、一航景物图像、遥感图像分别进行了不同分辨率成像效果的计算机模拟。结果表明,所建立的卫星图像空间分辨率提高理论是正确的,使卫星图像空间分辨率提高2倍甚至更多在理论上是可行的。这一研究成果的实际应用,将会提高卫星的空间分辨率,也可以在保持卫星分辨率的条件下,缩小光学仪器的焦距,使卫星相机小型化,减小其体积和重量。 相似文献