矿物共生组合及其实际意义

最近15～20年间,从事矿石物质成分研究的地质和矿物工作者,对矿物共生组合问题产生了特殊的兴趣.这是因为,研究矿物共生组合,是揭示成矿地球化学条件的基础,是探讨矿床成因的一个重要方面,它对发展成矿理论起着重要作用.此外,阐明矿物共生组合在时间和空间上的关系和规律变化,还有一定实用价值.在详细研究各类矿床矿石成分的基础上,能够获得矿物共生组合方面的大量材料,这就大大提高了各种结论的可信程度.     

ENERGY BALANCE IN 40－50 DAY PERIODIC OSCILLATION OVER THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON REGION DURING THE 1979 SUMMER

Based on calculations of data from FGGE Level III b, a discussion is made of the energy balance in the 40－50 day periodic oscillation over the Asian monsoon region during the 1979 summer. It is found that the main source of 40－50 day periodic perturbation is the monsoon region extending from central South Asia to Southeast Asia. In the upper layer over the North Pacific subtropical area (10－20oN, 150oE－150oW) pres-sure work turns into kinetic energy that maintains 40－50 day periodic perturbation associated with the variation in position and intensity of the mid-Pacific trough. The mean energy budget in the three-dimensional space (0－30oE, 30oE－150oW, 100－1000 hPa) indicates that the 40－50 day periodic perturbation transports kinetic energy to a seasonal mean and a transient perturbation wind field.     

正压大气中根据天气和同化资料制作统计-动力预报

1.前言从一些离散的观测站采样而得某一气象变量的主观分析多半会和它的真实情况不同。如果这种不确定的分析用作数值预报的初始状态,那么所作预报也将会有误差。格利森1961年发展的一种统计-动力理论对这种初始状态的误差及其随时间增长作了定量处理。在这种理论模式中用调整物理模式的动力项将初始误差的正态分布转为预报误差的正态分布。从最终的分布求得预报量处于其真实数值的某一允许偏差范围内的理论概率。实际上这样也就作出了对预报     

Metal dynamics in an Antarctic food chain

The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium, selenium and mercury were determined in eggs, muscle, liver, kidney and stomach content of nestilings and adults of the Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica, and its predator, the south polar skua, Chataracta maccormicki, from Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The dominant food of the petrels is krill, Euphausia superba. The results show relatively high levels of cadmium in krill, which is assumed to be the main reason for the high levels of cadmium in petrels and skuas. Cadmium is almost absent in eggs, but accumulates very rapidly with age in nestlings. The copper concentrations in livers of nestling petrels reach very high levels during growth. This may be seen in connection with physiological development processes. Mercury seems to be accumulated with age and between trophic levels. Among the nestlings, the mercury levels decrease with increasing age, which may be accomplished by the excretion of mercury through the growth of feathers and as a dilution effect during growth. Selenium and mercury are inversely correlated in nestlings. The levels of zinc were similar for different nestling stages and between nestlings and adults in skuas and petrels.     

Observations of the Karimata Strait througflow from December 2007 to November 2008

In order to quantitatively estimate the volume and property transports between the South China Sea and Indonesian Seas via the Karimata Strait, two trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with ADCPs embedded, were deployed in the strait to measure the velocity profile as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas transport/exchange (SITE) program. A pair of surface and bottom acoustic modems was employed to transfer the measured velocity without recovering the mooring. The advantage and problems of the instruments in this field work are reported and discussed. The field observations confirm the existence of the South China Sea branch of Indonesian throughflow via the Karimata Strait with a stronger southward flow in boreal winter and weaker southward bottom flow in boreal summer, beneath the upper layer northward (reversal) flow. The estimate of the averaged volume, heat and freshwater transports from December 2007 to March 2008 (winter) is (-2.7 ± 1.1) × 10 6 m3/s, (-0.30 ± 0.11) PW, (-0.18 ± 0.07) × 106m3/s and from May to September 2008 (summer) is (1.2 ± 0.6) × 106m3/s, (0.14 ± 0.03) PW, (0.12 ± 0.04) × 106m3/s and for the entire record from December 2007 to October 2008 is (-0.5 ± 1.9) × 10 6 m3/s, (-0.05 ± 0.22) PW, (-0.01 ± 0.15) × 106m3/s (negative/positive represents southward/northward transport), respectively. The existence of southward bottom flow in boreal summer implies that the downward sea surface slope from north to south as found by Fang et al. (2010) for winter is a year-round phenomenon.     

Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment

There is considerable concern about the hazards that plastic debris presents to wildlife. Use of polymers that degrade more quickly than conventional plastics presents a possible solution to this problem. Here we investigate breakdown of two oxo-biodegradable plastics, compostable plastic and standard polyethylene in the marine environment. Tensile strength of all materials decreased during exposure, but at different rates. Compostable plastic disappeared from our test rig between 16 and 24 weeks whereas approximately 98% of the other plastics remained after 40 weeks. Some plastics require UV light to degrade. Transmittance of UV through oxo-biodegradable and standard polyethylene decreased as a consequence of fouling such that these materials received ～ 90% less UV light after 40 weeks. Our data indicate that compostable plastics may degrade relatively quickly compared to oxo-biodegradable and conventional plastics. While degradable polymers offer waste management solutions, there are limitations to their effectiveness in reducing hazards associated with plastic debris.     

An Interesting Anisic Fauna of Machangping, Pingyueh, Kueichou

正 As the Middle Triassic of China is generally fossiliferous only in its upper part, i. e., the Ladinic, the discovery of the Anisic fauna is interesting and it seems desirable to give an account of the remains. The material was collected