Water flow velocity over frozen and nonfrozen black soil slopes

Ice‐ and snow‐melted water flow over partially thawed frozen soil of cultivated slopes causes serious soil erosion, which results in soil degradation and affects productivity in Northeast China. Water flow velocity over frozen and nonfrozen soil shows importance in understanding meltwater erosion. In this work, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to measure water flow velocity over frozen and nonfrozen soil slopes. Experiments were performed using the electrolyte trace method under the pulse boundary model, under conditions of 4 slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°), 3 flow rates (1, 2, and 4 L/min), and 7 sensors positioned at 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 m away from the electrolyte injection point. Results showed that velocities over frozen soil slopes increased with flow rate and slope gradient. Flow velocities over nonfrozen soil slopes increased with flow rate and slope gradients from 5° to 15° and stabilized at 15°. Flow velocities over frozen soil slopes were 30%, 54%, 71%, and 91% higher than those over nonfrozen ones at slope gradients of 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°. Flow velocities over frozen soil slopes under different flow rates of 1, 2, and 4 L/min were approximately 52%, 59%, and 79% higher than those over nonfrozen soil, respectively. This study can help in assessing the erosion of partially thawed frozen soil by meltwater flow.     

Crowd sensing and spatiotemporal analysis in urban open space using multi-viewpoint geotagged videos

Increasing concern for urban public safety has motivated the deployment of a large number of surveillance cameras in open spaces such as city squares, stations, and shopping malls. The efficient detection of crowd dynamics in urban open spaces using multi-viewpoint surveillance videos continues to be a fundamental problem in the field of urban security. The use of existing methods for extracting features from video images has resulted in significant progress in single-camera image space. However, surveillance videos are geotagged videos with location information, and few studies have fully exploited the spatial semantics of these videos. In this study, multi-viewpoint videos in geographic space are used to fuse object trajectories for crowd sensing and spatiotemporal analysis. The YOLOv3-DeepSORT model is used to detect a pedestrian and extract the corresponding image coordinates, combine spatial semantics (such as the positions of the pedestrian in the field of view of the camera) to build a projection transformation matrix and map the object recorded by a single camera to geographic space. Trajectories from multi-viewpoint videos are fused based on the features of location, time, and directions to generate a complete pedestrian trajectory. Then, crowd spatial pattern analysis, density estimation, and motion trend analysis are performed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to identify crowd dynamics and analyze the corresponding spatiotemporal pattern in an urban open space from a global perspective, providing a means of intelligent spatiotemporal analysis of geotagged videos.     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the development of embryos and larvae of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa （Valenciennes, 1846）

The major population of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa(Valenciennes, 1846), which is an important fishery resource, is facing a large decline in China. We studied the effects of incubation temperature(16–34℃ at salinity 30) and salinity(5–45 at 25℃) on the incubation period and subsequent larval development. In the temperature experiment, the shortest incubation period was 12 days at 34℃, the lower temperature limit was 16℃, the longest mean shell length(1 193±17 μm) occurred at 25℃ and the highest survival rate 72.28%±5.62% was observed at 28℃. In the salinity experiment, the shortest incubation period was 15 days at 25. The salinity tolerance range was 15–40, the longest mean shell length(855±9 μm) and the highest survival rate 72.93%±4.85% were both observed at 35. This study demonstrated that, during the egg–mass stage, temperature and salinity regimes infl uence later growth and survival of larvae. These observations deepen our understanding of the ecology and conservation of natural populations of Rapana venosa.     

超声波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)是环境激素类物质中的一类化合物。文章对土壤中6种被美国EPA列入"优先监测污染物名单"的PAEs类物质邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、二乙酯(DEP)、二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、二辛酯(DOP)、丁基苄基酯(BBP)邻苯二甲酸酯经超声波萃取、柱层析净化后,采用高效液相色谱法测定。对影响加标回收率的实验条件如萃取溶剂比例、萃取时间和萃取溶剂的选择等进行优化。方法回收率为94.1%～108.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.70%～2.42%,方法检出限为0.003～0.009μg/g。建立的方法样品前处理简单、快速,溶剂用量少,液相色谱法分析6种PAEs类物质仅用10 min,适用于大批量土壤样品中PAEs类物质的测定。     

Cumulative impact mapping: Advances,relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation,using Canada's Pacific waters as a case study

Analysis of cumulative human impacts in the marine environment is still in its infancy but developing rapidly. In this study, existing approaches were expanded upon, aiming for a realistic consideration of cumulative impacts at a regional scale. Thirty-eight human activities were considered, with each broken down according to stressor types and a range of spatial influences. To add to the policy relevance, existing stressors within and outside of conservation areas were compared. Results indicate the entire continental shelf of Canada's Pacific marine waters is affected by multiple human activities at some level. Commercial fishing, land-based activities and marine transportation accounted for 57.0%, 19.1%, and 17.7% of total cumulative impacts, respectively. Surprisingly, most areas with conservation designations contained higher impact scores than the mean values of their corresponding ecoregions. Despite recent advances in mapping cumulative impacts, many limitations remain. Nonetheless, preliminary analyses such as these can provide information relevant to precautionary management and conservation efforts.     

北京石花洞石笋微层层面有机物质的形成时间及机理初探

通过对北京石花洞滴水水溶性有机碳(DOC)近一个水文年的观测,发现不同点滴水DOC浓度均表现出明显的季节性变化,7月中旬均有一个大的主峰出现。初步说明中国北方石笋微层的层面物质沉积于7月雨季,主要来源于大的雨量对土壤中有机质的淋溶;洞穴顶板较薄的滴水点在5月和8月有明显的DOC次峰,可能与石笋亚年层形成有关。     

土钉墙模型试验研究

通过土钉墙模型试验 ,研究了土钉在黄土中的变形情况、土钉加固黄土类深基坑的作用机理及土钉的应力分布规律 ,最后对试验的不足进行了分析。     

贵州革东地区带状热储赋存规律研究

通过对贵州革东变质岩地区地热水的水化学、氢氧同位素及地热井的地温场垂向变化的分析,结果表明:(1)区域地热井热储呈带状(Ⅱ-2型);(2)区域大地热流量供热,补给来源为大气降水,补给高程下限1100m,地热水循环深度下限2400m,围岩与上层地下水影响其化学组分;(3)挽近期革东活动断层具有导热导水性,经循环的地热水沿断层上盘构造裂隙向上运移在此断层破碎带富集,位于断层上盘3km范围内的地热钻孔揭穿该断裂带深度约1200m,均有流量约994m3/d、井口水温40℃的地热水。研究结果可为黔东南地区带状热储的开发与利用提供参考。     

广西区域极端特大暴雨成因个例分析

利用常规观测资料、FY-2E卫星观测资料、雷达探测资料以及自动站雨量资料等,对2010年6月28日广西极端特大暴雨过程进行分析;结果表明：①暴雨灾害具有区域小、降雨时段集中、过程雨量大、短历时降雨强及引发次生灾害特别重等特点;②亚欧中高纬度500 hPa呈两脊一槽型、200 hPa南亚高压脊线贯穿广西上空及西南季风活跃是暴雨的环流背景;高空低涡、地面干线是主要天气系统配置,属低涡暴雨型;③强不稳定能量及层结的存在、850 hPa以下低层辐合、700 hPa附近明显涡旋、整层大气上升运动、850 hPa以下层高湿及水汽强烈辐合是主要物理量特征;④中尺度低压、低涡及气流辐合等是中尺度对流触发条件.FY-2E红外云图上对流云团生成、合并对强降雨有重要指示意义,暴雨发生在云团合并发展阶段,FY-2E的TBB值小于200 K可以作为短历时强降雨的指标.低质心雷达回波产生的列车效应和地形作用是造成强降雨的重要因素,低层辐合、高层辐散导致的强烈上升运动,有利于强对流的发展与维持.