The solitary ascidian, Ciona savignyi (Ascidiacea, Enterogona) is a notorious marine invader still expanding its habitat range worldwide. This species is considered native to the North West Pacific, but its indigeneity in Korean coastal waters has been questioned because of outdated taxonomic records and its inhabitation of oceanographically marginal areas. To clarify their cryptic invasion state, 247 individual C. savignyi samples were collected from 12 harbors and marinas on the Korean coast, and a 744 bp region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced and analyzed. Our analyses of population genetic structure and demographic history provided considerable pieces of evidence supporting their long-term establishment on the Korean coasts: differentiated population genetic structure, sequentially arrayed star-shape haplotype network, neutrality test results of past population expansions, and post-glacial colonization pattern of demography. Consequently, we concluded that C. savignyi populations on the Korean Coast are indigenous rather than exotic. These results could be used as reference data for further phylogeo graphic and demographic studies of problematic Ciona species, and to clarify and resolve similar cryptic invasion states of the other Korean coastal marine organisms. This study is the first to resolve the cryptic in vasion state of Korean marine organisms using genetic analysis.
A 5-level spectral AGCM (ImPKU-5LAGCM) is used to examine the sensitivity of the simulated results of the summer monsoon rainfall and circulation in East Asia to different cumulus parameterization schemes in the climatological-mean case and in the cases of weak and strong Asian summer monsoons,respectively. The results simulated with the Arakawa-Schubert's(hereafter A-S's), Kuo's and Manabe's cumulus parameterization schemes show that these simulated distributions of the summer monsoon rainfall and circulation in East Asia depend strongly on the cumulus parameterization schemes either in the climatological-mean case or in the cases of weak and strong Asian summer monsoons. From the simulated results, it might be shown that the Kuo scheme appears to be more suitable for the simulation of the summer monsoon rainfall and circulation in East Asia than the A-S scheme or the Manabe scheme, although the A-S scheme is somewhat better in the simulations of the tropical rainfall. This might be due to that the Kuo's cumulus parameterization scheme is able to reflect well the characteristics of rainfall cloud system in the East Asian summer monsoon region, where the rainfall system used to be a mixing of cumulus and stratus. 相似文献
In horizontally layered soils of different electrical properties, electrical potential distribution becomes complex and the
obtained resistivity data may be limited in reflecting the actual soil profile. Thus the objective of this study was to identify
the factors that affect resistivity measurement on the cone penetrometer and further investigate the sensitivity of measured
resistivity to different types and concentrations of contaminants at the subsurface level. First, a theoretical resistivity
equation was derived to provide a means of computing the geometric factor. The effective volume of measurement on the cone
penetrometer was investigated and laboratory soil box tests verified the dominance of partially high resistivity regions within
the effective volume of measurement over the apparent resistivity. Such effect was found to lead to possible discrepancies
between the recorded resistivity data and the actual depth of measurement. Measurements on contaminated soil layers indicated
that resistivity cones are efffective in delineating inorganic contaminants in soils of high water contents, and detecting
NAPLs floating above the groundwater table provided that soils adjacent to the plume are not dry of water.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献