浅谈如何提高目测抓球精度

通过对使用“特征视角”目测气球方法的阐述、分析,得出提高目测抓球精度的关键在于“量化”．如果能将目标物视角的大部分测量估算工作进行量化、减小目标物视角的估测余量,就能显著地提高目测抓球精度。     

天山地区SAR数据雪盖制图研究

在分析合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）成像机理及雪盖参数散射特性的基础上，利用航天飞机搭载的成像雷达（ＳＩＲ－Ｃ）获取的天山Ｃ波段、多极化ＳＡＲ数据，进行提取雪盖信息的实验。数据通过预处理、散射系数图像的计算、去噪、入射角改正等处理后，利用ＢＡＹＥＳ监督分类方法产生该地区的雪盖分类图。实验结果表明，利用多波段、多极化ＳＡＲ进行雪盖制图是可行的。     

张家口地下热水资源成因探讨

张家口地热资源丰富，通过对区内地热成矿机制，成矿规律的分析认为，以祁吕系为主的多构造体系复合部位控制了本区地下热水的形成与分布，本区地下热水是大气降水经深循环而成，经计算深循环的深度达为2600m，张家口南部地区有很多个热水异常点，是具有远景意义的地热区。     

城市微博数据驱动的群体疫情情感响应时空特征——以武汉市和石家庄市新冠疫情为例

研究城市大规模人群对疫情的情感响应时空特征,对于安抚人们情感状态以及优化防控措施具有重要意义。该文以带有地理标签的新浪微博数据为主要数据源,结合实地调查问卷,提出疫情场景下城市用户群体多维情感响应时空特征分析框架,该框架重点构建了城市用户群体对于疫情的多维情感强度的精确评估方法;在此基础上,分析疫情情感响应在时空维度上的变化特征,解析情感响应的显著影响因子。研究结果表明:1)该文提出的疫情情感响应评估方法,可准确量化疫情场景下城市群体多维情感响应强度;2)疫情防控期间政府采取的防控措施能够有效安抚城市群体愤怒、恐惧等负面情感;3)喜悦情感是疫情防控期间城市群体情感响应的主体情感;4)面对疫情再次发生,城市群体负面情感强度上升幅度会显著下降。该研究可为政府部门增强疫情情感监测能力、提升情感治理水平提供方法参考和决策依据。     

Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%’. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m³ increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.     

瞬态瑞雷面波法在吉林市松江路工程勘察中的应用

介绍瞬态瑞雷面波在工程勘查中的应用,面波勘探原理和数据处理及解释方法。     

Retraction: Evaluation of Co‐Digestion at a Commercial Dairy Anaerobic Digester

The above article published online on 16 June 2011 in Wiley Online Library ( http://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com ), and in Volume 39, pp. 697‐704, has been retracted by agreement between the Editor‐in‐Chief, Prisca Henheik, and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation carried out by Washington State University (WSU) which determined that research misconduct had occurred with respect to fabricating experimental data and falsifying data that formed the basis of a section of this article on the part of the corresponding author. Furthermore, WSU determined that the corresponding author did not declare an existing commercial conflict of interest when submitting the paper to the peer‐‐reviewed journal CLEAN ‐ Soil, Air, Water.     

Iron and phosphorus effects on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae) and their availability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, China

Based on lab-culture experiments analyzing limitation and combination of iron and phosphorus on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae), and the study of accumulation and release of Fe-bound P in sediment cores collected from the marine region of the Pearl River Estuary, China, reasons for the high frequency of phytoplankton bloom therein are discussed. Results show that the combined effect of Fe and P can obviously accelerate algal development, and the optimum culture conditions maintaining maximum growth rate are 0.05 μM Fe and 50 μM P. Cellular contents of Fe and P is consistent and the P:Fe molar ratio is 159:1. The optimum range of the P:Fe molar ratio in culture experiments for cell incubation is 500–1400. The vertical trends of total Fe and total P variations in sediments are parallel. Fe-bound P is the main species of inorganic sedimentary P. Through continuous leaching with agitation, 34–80% of exchangeable P and 4–23% of exchangeable Fe are concurrently released from the surficial sediments. This is a possible way by which nutrients are made available to phytoplankton. These factors might be responsible for a high frequency of harmful algal blooms in the Pearl River Estuary.     

Petrogenetic and Metallogenetic Background of the Dajing Cu–Sn–Ag–Pb–Zn Ore Deposit, Inner Mongolia, and Characteristics of the Mineralizing Fluid

Abstract: The Dajing Cu–Sn–Ag–Pb–Zn ore deposit, Inner Mongolia of China, is a fissure‐filling hydrothermal ore deposit that occurs within the Upper Permian Linxi group. No magmatic pluton and volcanic rocks outcrop on the surface of the deposit. Most of ore veins show clear‐cut boundary with country rocks. Wallrock alterations that include silicification, carbonation, chlori–tization, and sericitization are generally weak and occur in the close vicinity of ore veins. Mineralization is divided into three stages: (1) cassiterite–arsenopyrite–quartz stage, (2) sulfide stage, and (3) Pb–Zn–Ag–carbonate stage. These mineralization stages have distinct ranges of homogenization temperatures, 290–350C for Stage 1, 260–320C for Stage 2, and 150–250C for Stage 3. However, salinities for Stages 1, 2, and 3 overlap and range between 2.2 and 10.4 wt % NaCl equivalent. The dD values relative to V‐SMOW of inclusion water from quartz are lower than –88% and centered at –100 to –130%. The δ³⁴S values relative to CDT of sulfide ore minerals and δ¹³C values relative to PDB of carbonate gangue minerals, vary from –0.3 to +2.6%, and from –7.0 to –2.9%, respectively. Integrated isotopic data point to two major contributions to the mineralizing fluid that include a dominant meteoric‐derived water and the other from hypogene magma for sulfur and carbon species. Analyses of inclusion gas and liquid compositions are performed. The H₂O and CO₂ are the two most abundant gaseous components, whereas SO₄^2‐ and Cl^‐, and Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ are the major anions and cations, respectively. A linear trend is shown on the gaseous H₂O versus CO₂ plot. Phase separation is excluded as cause for the trend on the basis of isotope data and fluid inclusion microthermometry. In addition, a weak wallrock alteration does not support fluid‐rock interaction as an efficient mechanism. Hence, the linear H₂O–CO₂ trend is interpreted in terms of absorption or dilution of CO₂–dominant magmatic vapor by meteoric‐derived water. Cooling effects resulting from dilution may have caused precipitation of ore minerals. Major and trace element compositions of regional granites show a high‐K calc–alkaline characteristics and an arc–affinity. Lead isotopic compositions of galena samples from the Dajing deposit exhibit elevated U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios. These characteristics indicate a common source of supra subduction zone mantle wedge for regional granites and metals from the Dajing deposit.     

Late Quaternary palaeosols in the Yangtze Delta, China, and their palaeoenvironmental implications

The stiff clays beneath Holocene strata in the Yangtze Delta are interpreted as palaeosols, based on pedogenic features including illuvial argillans, voids, cracks, iron–manganese concretions and nodules, and carbonate materials. Variations in clay content with depth, the occurrence of foraminifera, and the environmental magnetism characteristics of the palaeosols suggest that their parent materials are floodplain deposits. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) parameters of the sediments correlate well both with sedimentary dynamics and depositional processes in different sedimentary environments, and AMS analysis may be a useful tool for inferring sedimentary environments. Based on their considerable thickness (> 3.0 m), vertical changes of palaeosol maturity, and occurrence of ageing argillans throughout the palaeosols, the palaeosols are inferred to be compound ones (pedocomplexes) resulting from alternating deposition and pedogenesis on the palaeointerfluve of the Yangtze River. Phytoliths in the palaeosols indicate that climates turned generally from warm and wet to cold and dry with marked fluctuations during development of the palaeosols. This suggests that the palaeosols developed mainly during the marine regression prior to the last glacial maximum. The vertical distribution of manganese materials (e.g., concretions, nodules, speckles and mottles) in the palaeosols suggests that the groundwater tables were about 2.0–3.0 m beneath the upper boundary of the palaeosols during their development. Yellow–brown streaks and speckles are abundant from the middle to lower parts of the palaeosols, and layers with high CaCO₃ content occur in the strata just beneath the palaeosols, but which lack caliche, suggesting that the groundwater table fluctuated markedly during their development. Voids and cracks filled with clays, and carbonate nodules (less than 0.1 mm in diameter) with thin iron–manganese rims are abundant in the palaeosols, indicating that wet and dry seasons were marked during the palaeosol development. It is suggested that the monsoonal influence was marked in the Yangtze Delta, with both winter and summer monsoons strongly developed during the development of the late Quaternary palaeosols.