深海甲烷、二氧化碳原位探测技术与装置研究进展

甲烷、二氧化碳的地质和生物地球化学循环对海洋环境和全球气候变化有着重要影响,其在深海环境中通常以气泡或流体的形式向四周扩散,甲烷还是探测海底天然气水合物资源的重要指标之一.目前,国内外研究团队提出了各种背景下原位探测海洋溶解甲烷、二氧化碳的新技术、新方法,以促进对海洋碳循环的研究.简述了基于电化学技术、光学技术、质谱技...     

全球城市知识合作网络演化的结构特征与驱动因素

以Web of Science合著论文数据为基础,参照以高端生产性服务业为对象的世界城市网络系列研究选取全球526个主要城市,借助空间分析和网络分析,分析全球城市知识合作网络演化的结构特征和驱动因素。结果显示：① 空间结构方面,“头部”城市格局稳定,欧美城市垄断明显;城市在全球知识合作网络与全球高端生产性服务网络中的空间分布存在差异;全球城市知识合作网络在不同地理尺度上均呈现出非均衡特征,网络重心有显著的东移和南移趋势。② 拓扑特征方面,全球城市知识合作网络的规模、密度和连通性不断增强;网络呈现出显著的“小世界性”和“无标度性”、“核心-边缘”结构和“社群”结构;不同城市在网络中发挥着不同的“全球功能”和“国家功能”。③ 驱动因素方面,全球城市知识合作网络的演化由内生和外生驱动因素共同作用。其中,内生驱动因素包括当代知识创新范式的转变、知识创新过程的非线性演进、知识组合的特定方式、合作对象择取的“偏好依附”以及维持合作关系的“社会纽带”;外生驱动因素包括地理邻近、国家边界、区域协定以及殖民历史。     

青海湖沙柳河流域土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成与土壤贮水量关系北大核心CSCD

氢氧稳定同位素技术和土壤贮水量是探究区域土壤水分特征的有效手段。基于青海湖沙柳河流域土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成(δ2H和δ^(18)O)和土壤贮水量数据,分析其在流域的空间分布特征,探讨土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成和土壤贮水量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)沙柳河流域土壤水δ^(18)O值从西北向东南呈现富集—贫化—富集的趋势;土壤水d-excess值在流域南部最低,在流域东北部支流上游地区最高。(2)土壤贮水量在流域空间分布上表现为北高南低的趋势。(3)土壤水δ^(18)O值、d-excess值与土壤贮水量间存在分段线性关系。当0—30 cm各土层土壤贮水量≤30 mm时,各土层土壤贮水量与土壤水δ^(18)O值分别显著负相关、与d-excess值显著正相关。青海湖沙柳河流域自然地理环境和植被特征的空间差异导致其土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成和土壤贮水量表现出明显的空间变异性。温度变化对土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成与土壤贮水量之间的相关性影响是通过其对土壤蒸发作用的影响来实现的。     

西藏邦铺钼多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

西藏邦铺超大型钼多金属矿床中矽卡岩铅锌矿体赋存于下二叠统洛巴堆组矽卡岩和大理岩中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,矽卡岩矿物较为发育。为进一步查明矿床矽卡岩矿物种属及矽卡岩类型,剖析矽卡岩形成环境及其与矿化类型之间的关系,基于对矽卡岩矿物系统地显微镜下观测,利用电子探针对矿床主要矽卡岩矿物化学成分进行了系统分析。结果表明,石榴子石端员组分以钙铁榴石为主,含少量锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石;单斜辉石主要为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,含少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为铁钙蔷薇辉石;角闪石主要为钙质阳起石;绿帘石贫Fe、Mg。矽卡岩矿物组合特征表明,矿床矽卡岩兼具钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩特征;早期矽卡岩形成于较强的氧化环境,成矿岩浆流体亦具有较高氧逸度。邦铺首次发现锰质矽卡岩矿物组合,表明矿区具有银矿找矿潜力,为下一步找矿工作提供了理论支撑。     

云南通海县岳家营暗河管道水质评价

岳家营暗河的水流多来自于通海杞麓湖水,30年前岳家营暗河水质相对较好,基本上符合饮用水标准.但近年来由于杞麓湖受到污染,水质达到劣Ⅴ类,导致岳家营暗河地下水受到污染,主要超标项有汞、镉、亚硝酸盐和氰化物等,已不符合生活饮用水标准.针对地下水污染加剧状况,建议：1.沿湖控制污水排放;2.加强水质监测;3.提高公众环境意识并加强地下水保护宣传力度.     

淮南潘三矿区地温分布规律及其影响因素分析

潘三矿位于淮南煤田潘谢矿区东区,潘集背斜西段南翼。根据对矿区内15个测温钻孔的研究,发现该矿存在着明显的地温异常。在纵向上,表现为地温温度随深度的增加而增加,并呈现良好的线性趋势,具有传导型增温特点;在横向上,受构造控制作用和上覆松散层厚度影响,靠近背斜轴部和松散层较厚的地方,地温梯度相对较高;岩浆岩的侵入和地下热水的运移也对地温有一定的影响。总体上,研究区地温受构造控制作用明显。该研究对矿区的热害预防提供了基础技术参数。     

Development and mechanical strength properties of a new lightweight soil

The time-dependent settlement of soft soil poses serious maintenance problems to developments along coastal and riverside areas that encounter thick, soft soil deposits. To overcome this problem, therefore, a lightweight material called Air-Trapped Soil (ATS) was developed. ATS was prepared using sand produced at a factory, so its quality is highly stable. To determine the characteristics of the developed ATSs, a series of unconfined compressive and split tensile tests were conducted, and the compressive and tensile strength characteristics of the lightweight ATSs of various combinations of cement-air bubble-sand were determined. In addition, the relationship between the compressive and tensile strengths was determined. This result shows that the mechanical strength characteristics of the ATS significantly depend on the quantity of air bubbles in the ATSs.     

Radiocesium reaction with illite and organic matter in marine sediment

The mineralogical effect on the (137)Cs reaction with marine sediment has not been systematically studied yet, even though illite has been known to adsorb Cs preferentially on its frayed edge sites in a low Cs concentration. Ninety-three marine sediment samples were collected near Yangnam, Korea for quantitative X-ray-diffraction (XRD), gamma-ray, and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. Illite content was in the range of 0-23 wt.% and those of (137)Cs and TOC were minimum detectable activity (MDA) approximately 7.19 Bq/kg-dry and approximately 3.32%, respectively. The illite content in the marine sediment showed a good relationship with the (137)Cs content (R(2)=0.69), but with an increase in the illite content, the relationship became less linear. This trend can be clearly shown in two groups of samples with different size fractions (< and >5Mdvarphi). For the samples of larger particle sizes (low contents of illite), the relationship is linear, but for the samples of the smaller particle sizes (high illite content) it is less linear with a decreased slope, indicating that increase in illite content does not significantly contribute to the fixation of (137)Cs in marine sediment. Rather, the TOC has a more linear relationship with (137)Cs content with no slope change in all particle size ranges. This may indicate that humic materials in marine sediment block the access of (137)Cs to the frayed edge site and reduces the adsorption of (137)Cs on illite and that the organic materials in marine sediment play more important roles in adsorbing Cs than illite.     

Intercomparison of precipitation simulated by regional climate models over East Asia in 1997 and 1998

Regional climate simulations in Asia from May 1997 to August 1998 were performed using the Seoul National University regional climate model （SNURCM） and Iowa State University regional climate model （ALT.MM5/LSM）, which were developed by coupling the NCAR/Land Surface Model （LSM） and the Mesoscale Model （MM5）. However, for physical processes of precipitation, the SNURCM used the Grell scheme for the convective parameterization scheme （CPS） and the simple ice scheme for the explicit moisture scheme （EMS）, while the ALT.MM5/LSM used the Betts-Miller scheme for CPS and the mixed phase scheme for EMS.
The simulated precipitation patterns and amounts over East Asia for the extreme climatic summer in 1997 （relative drought conditions） and 1998 （relative flood conditions） were especially focused upon. The ALT.MM5/LSM simulated more precipitation than was observed in 1997 due to more moisture and cloud water in the lower levels, despite weak upward motion. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion resulted in more precipitation than that was observed in 1998, with more moisture and cloud water in the middle levels. In the ALT.MM5/LSM, weak upward motion, unchanged moisture in the lower troposphere, and the decrease in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation only by 3% for the 1998 summer event. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion, the increase in moisture in the lower troposphere, and the increase in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation by 48% for the summer of 1998. The main differences between both simulations were moisture availability and horizontal momentum transport in the lower troposphere, which were also strongly influenced by large-scale forcing.