近江牡蛎富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学及其与体内金属硫蛋白的相关性研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型,在50、100、200μg/L 3种质量浓度条件下分两个阶段室内模拟近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学过程,研究其体内金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)浓度变化与该过程的相关性,得到近江牡蛎富集和排出的吸收速率常数k1、排出速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数。结果表明:相同暴露浓度下,近江牡蛎对Cd的富集量和BCF显著大于Pb(p<0.05),因而对Cd的富集能力大于Pb;富集平衡状态下生物体内金属含量Cmax与Pb、Cd暴露浓度成良好的线性关系,说明近江牡蛎是比较理想的重金属Pb、Cd污染的指示生物;在Pb、Cd的富集实验中,MT含量均随时间变化呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而MT对Cd污染反应比Pb更敏感,效应时间更短;排出实验中,Pb、Cd实验组的MT含量随时间呈相反的趋势波动变化;金属暴露浓度梯度与近江牡蛎体内的MT含量变化没有"剂量—效应"关系,MT不能作为Pb、Cd对水环境污染的定量标志物。     

高含水期水平井挖潜物理模拟

结合油藏渗流与水平井筒内流体流动的耦合性,以水驱油相似原理为基础,建立三维油藏物理胶结水平井多层模型,并从其微观孔隙特征及油水渗流特征等方面与实际油藏进行对比.以物理模型为基础,从动态变化指标及油水分布特征等角度研究不同挖潜方式在高含水期挖潜效果的差异性,总结水平井挖潜提高采收率的规律.结果表明:在交错井网及正韵律储层的条件下,高含水期剩余油多富集于井组中心储层顶部区域;高含水期应用水平井进行挖潜剩余油,其在多个动态变化指标上优于直井,并且水平井对井组边角区域及储层中下部位剩余油的控制能力也较强;水平井与常规井网的不同配置关系对挖潜效果有较大影响,水平井挖潜动态也随着含水率上升呈现不同的规律.     

概率法在缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估中的应用:以塔中隆起北斜坡下奥陶统岩溶油气藏为例

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量计算是目前国际研究的难点。中国近年来发现了这类规模巨大的油气藏,储量计算始终是一个难题而未能有效解决。通过对塔里木油田目前缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估方法的梳理,结合缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏认识及缝洞型油气藏识别技术的进展,认为缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估的发展趋势是强调缝洞单元雕刻（解决非均质性、合理的指导开发井部署）和储量参数的随机性。在了解缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏识别技术进展基础上,吸收国内外油气储量评估经验,提出了塔里木油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏概率法储量评估方法。评估思路是发挥缝洞雕刻油气面积置信度高的优势,充分利用孔隙度、饱和度样本点容量大的特点,合理建立其概率分布。缝洞雕刻和概率法的有机结合可以合理地评估缝洞型油气藏的储量。目前,缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估对象、裂缝处理方法、概率法储量计算高置信度确定性参数取值方法、概率法储量计算随机变量参数分布规律及合理性等方面的研究已取得一定的经验和进展。     

江苏省第三产业素质分析与主导方向选择

第三产业是一个国家或地区经济发展水平的重要标志。江苏省正处于以工业经济为主转向工业经济与服务经济并重的时期,第三产业主导方向的选择尤为重要。该文利用投入产出表,运用中间需求率、中间投入率、劳动报酬率、对信息业和金融业的直接消耗系数和净流出率等指标,对江苏省第三产业各行业的产业素质进行系统分析,提出第三产业发展的主导方向应选择交通运输仓储业、金融保险业、信息传输计算机服务和软件业、科学研究事业和综合技术服务业,并针对目前存在的问题,提出相关的政策调控建议。     

The AzTEC mm-wavelength camera

AzTEC is a mm-wavelength bolometric camera utilizing 144 silicon nitride micromesh detectors. Here, we describe the AzTEC instrument architecture and its use as an astronomical instrument. We report on several performance metrics measured during a three-month observing campaign at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and conclude with our plans for AzTEC as a facility instrument on the Large Millimetre Telescope.     

Bohai Sea oil spill model: a numerical case study

An operational Bohai Sea oil spill serving module (BSOSSM) that can provide users with trajectory and movement information of the released oil is developed for the purpose of informing mitigation of oil spill incidents in the Bohai Sea, China. BSOSSM is one of the serving modules that had been integrated in China digital ocean prototype system, a marine information platform for managing, displaying and disseminating all the data investigated by China 908 Program. The oil spill trajectory is calculated by an oil spill model (OSM), which serves as a component in BSOSSM. The impacts of wind, current, as well as Stokes drift on oil spill trajectory are studied by sensitivity experiments conducted using OSM. Simulation results indicate that wind forcing is the most important factor in controlling the oil trajectory at the sea surface in Bohai Sea, whereas current and Stokes drift play relatively less important roles. However, because the direction of waves generally follows that of the wind, Stokes drift does lead to an increase in oil drift and spreading velocity. Case studies of the Penglai 19-3 oil spill incident (June 2011) and Xingang oil spill (April 2005) demonstrate that OSM can generally reproduce the oil spreading, and is therefore capable of supporting the emergency response of future oil spills in the Bohai Sea through BSOSSM.     

The critical state and steady state of sand: A literature review

Abstract

The critical state and steady state theories are widely accepted for simulating the soil behavior and providing a basis for liquefaction evaluation and constitutive modeling. However, there was conflicting evidence regarding the critical state and steady state of sands in the last decades. In some cases, the critical state and steady state are taken to be identical and in others they differ significantly. Whether they are the same or not remain a hot academic debate to date. This paper provides a critical review on the origin and history of the critical state and steady state of sands, which identifies conflicting evidences and discusses the influencing factors on the existence and uniqueness of critical state and steady state. Based on a critical review of literature, it is concluded that the steady state concept is a refinement of the critical state concept and the uniqueness of the critical state and steady state was affirmed. Special care should be paid in the laboratory techniques in order to accurately measure the critical state and steady state due to the numerous influencing factors of them.     

Induction of apoptosis by the tropical seaweed Pylaiella littoralis in HT-29 cells via the mitochondrial and MAPK pathways

We demonstrated that an extract from Pylaiella littoralis, collected from the Federate States of Micronesia (FSM), could inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. P. littoralis extract (PLE) showed anti-proliferative activities in the tumorigenic cells tested, ranging from 20.2% to 67.9%. The highest inhibitory activity, in HT-29 cells, was selected for further experiments. PLE showed no cytotoxic effect in normal cells and inhibited the growth of HT-29 cells depending on concentration and incubation time. PLE-treated HT-29 cells showed the typical morphological characteristics of apoptosis, such as apoptotic body formation and DNA fragmentation. PLE also induced mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and resulted in increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, compared with untreated cells. PLE decreased Bcl-2 protein and increased Bax protein expression, activating caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression via the caspase pathway. PLE also increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and it reduced cell viability in treatment cells with specific inhibitors such as PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of ERK), SP600125 (a specific inbibitor of JNK), and SB 203580 (a specific inbibitor of p38 MAPK). via the the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway. These results suggest that PLE inhibits the proliferation of HT-29 cells by affecting the caspase and MAPK pathways involved in the induction of apoptosis. Thus, we suggest that P. littoralis extract might be potential candidate agents for the treatment of human colorectal cancer.     

Morphology and molecular characterization of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cf. rhathymum in temperate waters off Jeju Island, Korea

Prorocentrum spp. are planktonic and/or benthic species. Benthic Prorocentrum species are of primary concern to scientists and the public because some of them are toxic. We established clonal cultures of 3 strains of Prorocentrum species that were collected from the thalli of a macroalga in the coastal waters off Jeju Island, located at the southern end of Korea. The Korean strains of P. cf. rhathymum, which are morphologically almost identical to the Virgin Island strain of P. rhathymum, were different from P. mexicanum because the former dinoflagellate has one simple collar-like spine in the periflagellar area, while the latter dinoflagellate has a 2- or 3-horned spine. In addition, the sequences of the small subunit (SSU) rDNA of the Korean strains were identical to those of the Malaysian and Floridian strains of P. rhathymum, while the sequences of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA of the Korean strains were 0.1–0.9% different from those of the Iranian and Malaysian strains of P. rhathymum. In phylogenetic trees based on the SSU rDNA sequences, the Korean strains of P. rhathymum formed a clade with the Malaysian and Floridian strains of P. rhathymum and the Vietnamese and Polynesian strains of P. mexicanum. However, in phylogenetic trees based on the LSU rDNA sequences, the Korean strains of P. rhathymum formed a clade with the Iranian strain of P. rhathymum and the Spanish and Mexican strains of P. mexicanum. Therefore, the molecular characterization of the Korean strains does not allow us to clearly classify them as P. rhathymum, nor P. mexicanum, although their morphology has so far been reported to be closer to that of P. rhathymum than P. mexicanum and thus we designated them as P. cf. rhathymum.