黄河沙坡头水利枢纽坝基岩体灌浆效果检测

采用声波测井、地震CT等综合物探方法,对沙坡头水利枢纽坝址基础岩体固结灌浆效果进行检测,基本查明了坝基岩体固结灌浆后的质量状况,取得了良好的应用效果.     

The BDS statistic and residual test

 The conventional nonparametric tests have been widely used in many fields for the residual analysis of a fitted model on observations. Also, in recent, a new technique called the BDS (Brock–Dechert–Scheinkman) statistic has been shown that it can be used as a powerful tool for the residual analysis, especially, of a nonlinear system. The purpose of this study is to compare the powers of the nonparametric tests and BDS statistic by residual analysis of the fitted models. This study evaluates stochastic models for four monthly rainfalls in Korea through the residual analysis by using the conventional nonparametric and BDS statistics. We use SARIMA and AR Error models for fitting each rainfall and perform the residual analysis by using the test techniques. As a result, we find that the BDS statistic is more reasonable than the conventional nonparametric tests for the residual analysis and AR Error model may be more appropriate than SARIMA model for modeling of monthly rainfalls. This work was supported by grant No. R01-2001-000-00474-0 from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.     

水平分层土层系统等效阻尼比的简化计算方法

在实际工程场地中,很多土层可视为水平分层,各层土的物理和力学性质存在差异,其中包括土的振动阻尼比。本文讨论水平分层土层系统的等效阻尼比的近似计算方法,基于5个不同的加权函数推导了10种等效阻尼比的计算公式。通过2个算例,分别以等效阻尼比为参数计算水平分层土层的地震反应,并与准确解相比较,分析了不同等效阻尼比近似计算方法的计算精度。数值结果表明,若等效阻尼比计算方法选择不恰当,会导致土层地震反应的计算结果出现较大误差。针对2种不同类型的水平分层土层,建议采用基于三角形分布的加权函数来计算土层系统的等效阻尼比。     

地电学预报地震的综合跟踪方法

在本文中叙述了地震地电学方法判断地震活动趋势的８条指标：１．电性前兆出现的部位；２．地电年变化背景场；３．地震地电阻率ρｓ的早期下降变化；４．中期平稳波动变化；５．短期加速下降变化；６．临震快速回返变化；７．电性多参数无纲前兆；８△．Ｔ的对数与Ｍ之间的统计关系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部直罗组砂岩岩石学特征与铀矿化关系研究

该文通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等手段,结合分析化验数据,分别对鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟地段和大营地段直罗组下段 砂岩碎屑及填隙物的成分、含量及微观结构特征进行对比研究,确定微观特征差异并初步探讨差异原因,建立其与铀矿化 的关系。研究表明,纳岭沟地段与大营地段,在碎屑成分和填隙物方面均存在一定的差异。纳岭沟地段碎屑含量高,而胶 结物及粘土含量较低,这一方面表明纳岭沟地段相比大营地段更靠近物源,长石风化程度相对较低;另一方面,由于目的 层埋深不同而导致的成岩强度的差异也是造成岩石微观特征差异的重要原因。基于对含矿砂岩微观特征的研究,笔者认为 纳岭沟和大营地段与东胜皂火壕地段经历了基本相同的铀成矿作用,大致可分为早期主成矿和后期再改造两个阶段。造成 绿色调砂岩的主要原因是由于后期油气还原蚀变而形成的绿泥石。在成矿过程中,方解石与铀矿物的沉淀有着密切的联 系。这为下一阶段东胜西北部地区铀矿勘查预测提供了理论依据。     

表面活性剂强化含水层修复过程的全局灵敏度

针对非水相流体污染含水层的表面活性剂强化修复过程,在多相流数值模拟模型以及径向基函数人工神经网络替代模型的基础上,应用Sobol法对影响修复效果的变量进行全局灵敏度分析。当替代模型的训练集包含12组和22组数据时,替代模型与模拟模型拟合的确定性系数分别为0.977 8和0.981 6,表明随着训练集数据的增多,替代模型与模拟模型的近似精度逐渐增加。灵敏度分析结果表明：对修复效果贡献最大的决策变量为总抽水量(总灵敏度为0.491 2),其次为修复时间(总灵敏度为0.468 5),表面活性剂浓度对修复效果的贡献最小(总灵敏度为0.124 2);各个变量之间存在着相互作用,但相互作用对输出响应的影响不大。     

Analysis of the lithospheric magnetic anomalies and tectonics in continental China and the adjacent regions using CHAMP satellite data

In this paper, the CHAMP satellite data from the last decade are used to map the lithospheric magnetic field in continental China at altitudes of 300 and 400 km using the spline function model technique. The results show that our model has higher amplitude than the spherical harmonic magnetic field model MF7. The resulting lithospheric anomaly distribution of continental China agrees with the geotectonic structure and crustal thermal structure. The magnetic anomaly distribution clearly indicates extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau towards the northeast and northwest directions. Northward movement is impeded by the relative rigid Tarim Basin featured with positive magnetic anomalies. The positive magnetic anomalies in Tarim basin extend to the northern Tibetan Plateau, suggesting that the southern part of Tarim Basin underthrusted the northern Tibetan Plateau.     

Seasonal variations in pCO2 and its controlling factors in surface seawater of the northern East China Sea

Surface partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll a were measured in the East China Sea (ECS; 31°30′–34°00′N to 124°00′–127°30′E) in August 2003 (summer), May 2004 (spring), October 2004 (early fall), and November 2005 (fall). The warm and saline Tsushima Warm Current was observed in the eastern part of the survey area during four cruises, and relatively low salinity waters due to outflow from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) were observed over the western part of the survey area. Surface pCO₂ ranged from 236 to 445 μatm in spring and summer, and from 326 to 517 μatm in fall. Large pCO₂ (values >400 μatm) occurred in the western part of the study area in spring and fall, and in the eastern part in summer. A positive linear correlation existed between surface pCO₂ and temperature in the eastern part of the study area, where the Tsushima Warm Current dominates; this correlation suggests that temperature is the major factor controlling surface pCO₂ distribution in that area. In the western part of the study area, however, the main controlling factor is different and seasonally complex. There is large transport in this region of Changjiang Diluted Water in summer, causing low salinity and low pCO₂ values. The relationship between surface pCO₂ and water stability suggests that the amount of mixing and/or upwelling of CO₂-rich water might be the important process controlling surface pCO₂ levels during spring and fall in this shallow region. Sea–air CO₂ flux, based on the application of a Wanninkhof [1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 7373–7382] formula for gas transfer velocity and a set of monthly averaged satellite wind data, were −5.04±1.59, −2.52±1.81, 1.71±2.87, and 0.39±0.18 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in spring, summer, early fall, and fall, respectively, in the northern ECS. The ocean in this study area is therefore a carbon sink in spring and summer, but a weak source or in equilibrium with the atmosphere in fall. If the winter flux value is assumed to have been the mean of autumnal and vernal values, then the northern ECS absorbs about 0.013 Pg C annually. That result suggests that the northern ECS is a net sink for atmospheric CO₂, a result consistent with previous studies.     

Bed load transport under different streambed conditions-a field experimental study in a mountain stream

Bed load transport in mountain streams is closely linked to streambed structures.Strambed structures are arrangements of boulders and cobbles deposited during extreme floods,in a stable configuration exhibiting high dissipation of flow.Field experiments were carried out in a mountain stream in Yunnan,southwestern China,studying bed load movement on three typical streambeds,i.e.,with well developed,partially developed,and no structures.An underwater observation and video-capturing system was designed to observe and measure the movement of bed load particles.The initiation mode, trajectory,velocity,and acceleration of bed load particles under the three conditions were observed and analyzed.Results showed that the bed load movement was highly associated with streambed condition.With well-developed structures,bed load particles moved intermittently through saltation and the bed load transport rate was very low.For partially-developed structures most bed load particles moved through saltation but a portion of sediment moved in sliding and rolling.In the case with no streambed structure(plane bed) contact load motion(sliding and rolling) gradually became dominant.Moreover,laminated load motion occurred and became the main component of bed load transport when the flow discharge and incoming sediment load were very high.Laminated load motion was a special form of bed load motion with an extremely high intensity.Bed load transport and streambed structure both acted to dissipate flow energy and were mutually constraining.High rates of bed load transport occurred in the streams with no or poor bed structures,and low bed load transport was associated with well developed structures.The bed load transport rate was inversely correlated to the degree of streambed development.     

Principle of equivalency of bed structures and bed load motion

Step-pool systems and cobble clusters are structures composed of boulders and cobbles on mountain streambeds rearranged by flood flow to reach high resistance and high bed stability.Both bed structures and bed load motion can protect the riverbed from incision.At each step-pool,the flow energy is transformed into turbulence,and finally into heat.Bed load motion also consumes flow energy and plays a role to protect the bed from erosion.The collision of bed load particles with the bed results in a force,known as dispersive force,which balances the lift force and controls the erosion of bed sediment.Field investigations and field experiments were conducted in the Xiaojiang River basin on the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China,where there were incised streams and stable streams with bed load motion or with step-pool systems.This study reveals that for a given stream power, strong bed structures are associated with low or zero bed load transportation;and weak or no bed structures are associated with intensive bed load motion.Experiments showed that for incised streams, the final bed profiles were the same if there was bed load motion or there were bed structures.When key stones that made up the bed structures,for instance the large boulders in steps,were removed,the flow immediately scoured the sediment bed.The bed load transportation sharply increased by 100 times and the median diameter of bed load increased by 2-20 times.Bed structures and bed load motion are mutually replaceable for their effects on flow energy consumption and streambed incision control.This is the principle of equivalency of bed load motion and bed structures.It is due to the principle that there was no bed load motion in the Yalutsangpo Grand Canyon,where a very strong step-pool system had developed,although the bed gradient and shear stress of flow were extremely high.A possible application of this principle for incision control of the downstream reaches of the Three Gorges Dam is also discussed in this paper.