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211.
Phosphate oxygen isotopes: Insights into sedimentary phosphorus cycling from the Benguela upwelling system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tobias Goldhammer Benjamin Brunner Stefano M. Bernasconi Matthias Zabel 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(13):3741-3756
Marine sediments are the main sink in the oceanic phosphorus (P) cycle. The activity of benthic microorganisms is decisive for regeneration, reflux, or burial of inorganic phosphate (Pi), which has a strong impact on marine productivity. Recent formation of phosphorites on the continental shelf and a succession of different sedimentary environments make the Benguela upwelling system a prime region for studying the role of microbes in P biogeochemistry. The oxygen isotope signature of pore water phosphate (δ18OP) carries characteristic information of microbial P cycling: Intracellular turnover of phosphorylated biomolecules results in isotopic equilibrium with ambient water, while enzymatic regeneration of Pi from organic matter produces distinct offsets from equilibrium. The balance of these two processes is the major control for δ18OP.Our study assesses the importance of microbial P cycling relative to regeneration of Pi from organic matter from a transect across the Namibian continental shelf and slope by combining pore water chemistry (sulfate, sulfide, ferrous iron, Pi), steady-state turnover rate modeling, and oxygen isotope geochemistry of Pi.We found δ18OP values in a range from 12.8‰ to 26.6‰, both in equilibrium as well as pronounced disequilibrium with water. Our data show a trend towards regeneration signatures (disequilibrium) under low mineralization activity and low Pi concentrations, and microbial turnover signatures (equilibrium) under high mineralization activity and high Pi concentrations. These findings are opposite to observations from water column studies where regeneration signatures were found to coincide with high mineralization activity and high Pi concentrations. It appears that preferential Pi regeneration in marine sediments does not necessarily coincide with a disequilibrium δ18OP signature. We propose that microbial Pi uptake strategies, which are controlled by Pi availability, are decisive for the alteration of the isotope signature. This hypothesis is supported by the observation of efficient microbial Pi turnover (equilibrium signatures) in the phosphogenic sediments of the Benguela upwelling system. 相似文献
212.
Chiara Elmi Maria Franca Brigatti Luca Pasquali Monica Montecchi Angela Laurora Daniele Malferrari Stefano Nannarone 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(6):459-468
A multi-methodical approach has been applied for characterizing the bulk and surface crystal chemical features of a high-temperature
vesuvianite crystal from skarns of Mount Somma-Vesuvius Volcano (Naples, Italy). Vesuvianite belongs to the space group P4/nnc with unit cell parameters a = 15.633(1) Å, c = 11.834(1) Å and chemical formula (Ca18.858 Na0.028 Ba0.004 K0.006 Sr0.005 □0.098)19.000 (Al8.813 Ti0.037 Mg2.954 Mn0.008 Fe0.1142+ Fe1.3753+ Cr0.008 B0.202)13.511 Si18.000(O0.261 F0.940 OH7.799)9.000. Structure refinement, which converges at R = 0.0328, demonstrates a strong positional disorder down the fourfold axes, indicating that the Y1 site is split into two
positions (Y1A and Y1B) alternatively occupied. However, because of X4 proximity to Y1B and Y1A, X4 cannot be occupied if
Y1B or Y1A are. Overall Y1 occupancy (Y1A + Y1B) reaches approximately 0.5, as common in vesuvianite and occupancy of Y1B
site is extremely limited. Moreover, T1 position, limitedly occupied, accommodates the excess of cations generally related
to Y position. A small quantity (0.202 apfu) of boron is sited at the T2 site that, like T1, is poorly occupied. The determination
of the amount of each element on the (100) vesuvianite surface, obtained through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy high-resolution
spectra in the region of the Si2p, Al2p, Mg1s, and Ca2p core levels, evidences that a greater amount of aluminum and a smaller amount of calcium characterize the surface with respect
to the bulk. Although both of these features require further investigation, we may consider the Al increase can be related
to preferential orientation of Al-rich sites on the (100) plane. Furthermore, the surface structure of vesuvianite suggests
that Al, Ca, and Mg cations maintain coordination features at the surface similar to the bulk. Silica, however, while presenting
fourfold coordination, shows also a [1]-fold small coordinated component at binding energy 99.85 eV, due to broken Si–O bonds
at the surface. The presence of eight- and nine-coordinated Ca cations is suggested by a large XPS feature resulting from
the merging of Ca2p3/2 and Ca2p1/2 peaks at 348.45 and 352.05 eV, respectively. 相似文献
213.
The majority of Alpine glaciers are currently receding because of global warming. Their forefields have become interesting sites to study primary microbial colonisation and microbial adaptation. Here, the structure and enzyme activity of microbial communities in exposed rock substrates and their changes in a gradient of temperature and soil moisture conditions within the forefield of the Damma glacier in the Swiss Central Alps are discussed. The temperature at the sites differed in the course of a day and also showed differing mean temperatures over the summer. Distinct bacterial communities inhabit the differing sites at the beginning of the experiment and even after transplantation they stay distinct. But a seasonal shift in the communities could be observed, which followed the same pattern for all the samples. Interestingly, microbial enzyme activity was highest at the site with the smallest temperature shifts. 相似文献
214.
Clumped-isotope geochemistry deals with the state of ordering of rare isotopes in molecules, in particular with their tendency to form bonds with other rare isotopes rather than with the most abundant ones. Among its possible applications, carbonate clumped-isotope thermometry is the one that has gained most attention because of the wide potential of applications in many disciplines of the earth sciences. In particular, it allows reconstructing the temperature of formation of carbonate minerals without knowledge of the isotopic composition of the water from which they were formed. In addition, the O isotope composition of the waters from which they were formed can be calculated using the δ18O of the same carbonate sample. This feature offers new approaches in paleoclimatology for reconstructing past global geochemical cycles. In this contribution two applications of this method are presented. First the potential of a new analytical method of measurement of clumped isotopes on small samples of foraminifera, for high-resolution SST and seawater δ18O reconstructions from marine sediments is shown. Furthermore the potential of clumped isotope analysis of belemnites, for reconstructing seawater δ18O and temperatures in the Cretaceous is shown. 相似文献
215.
Florian Kobierska Tobias Jonas Jan Magnusson Massimiliano Zappa Mathias Bavay Thomas Bosshard Frank Paul Stefano M. Bernasconi 《Applied Geochemistry》2011
A comprehensive hydrological modeling study in the drainage area of a hydropower reservoir in central Switzerland is presented. Two models were tested to reproduce the measured discharge dynamics: (1) a detailed energy-balance model (ALPINE3D) primarily designed for snow simulations; (2) a conceptual runoff model system (PREVAH), including a distributed temperature-index snow and ice melt model. Considerable effort was put into distributing available meteorological station data to the model grids as forcing data. The recent EU regional climate modeling initiative ENSEMBLES provided up-to-date climate predictions for two 30-a periods in mid and late 21st century. These were used to estimate evolutions in the water supply of the hydropower reservoir in response to expected climate changes. The simulations suggest a shift of spring peak-flow by almost two months for the end of the century. Warmer winter temperatures will cause higher winter base-flow. Due to glacier retreat, late-summer flow will decrease at the end of the century. 相似文献
216.
Sebastiano Imposa Francesco Barone Domenico Bella Massimo Cristaldi Stefano Gresta 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(7):1777-1786
A “standard procedure” to characterize the seismic hazard of a given area was proposed. It is based on a multidisciplinary
approach implying: (1) the knowledge of the seismic history of the area; (2) detailed geological surveys; (3)seismic noise
measurements; (4) simulations of earthquake scenarios. The downtown of Acireale, a typical baroque town located on Eastern
Sicily, was chosen as the “test area”. A catalog of the local seismogenic faults (able to generate earthquakes in historical
times) has been compiled, as well as a seismic catalog for the effects of both local and regional earthquakes. The analysis
of both catalogs allowed us to make the following conclusions: (1) the most important seismogenic faults affecting the Acireale
municipality do not affect the downtown, while the related local earthquakes attenuate their energy (and intensity) in short
(few km) distances; (2) the highest seismic intensity (degree X) experienced in Acireale downtown was caused by the 1693 regional earthquake; (3) over the last 140 years, the downtown has
experienced the highest intensity value of VII only once, while six times the intensity was VI. On the whole, this implies
a moderate seismic hazard. The estimation of the seismic hazard has been also approached by the experimental method of recording
seismic noise. Measurements have been performed at seven different sites, where drills gave detailed information on the shallow
subsurface geology to obtain HV (horizontal/vertical) spectral ratios. On the whole, the highest site amplification factor
was moderate (about 7). A further investigation based on synthetic seismograms (and spectra) produced by simulating two given
earthquake scenarios was also performed. The two scenarios are, respectively, representative of the largest expected earthquake
in the area (the 1693 shock) and of a moderate (magnitude ca. 5.5) local earthquake (as the 1818 one). Moderate to strong
locally expected accelerations were evidenced. 相似文献
217.
218.
Daniele Spiga Gianpiero Tagliaferri Paolo Soffitta Oberto Citterio Stefano Basso Ronaldo Bellazzini Alessandro Brez Wolfgang Burkert Vadim Burwitz Enrico Costa Luca de Ruvo Ettore Del Monte Sergio Fabiani Gisela Hartner Benedikt Menz Massimo Minuti Fabio Muleri Giovanni Pareschi Michele Pinchera Alda Rubini Carmelo Sgrò Gloria Spandre 《Experimental Astronomy》2014,37(1):37-53
The Joint European X-ray Telescope (JET-X) was the core instrument of the Russian Spectrum-X- γ space observatory. It consisted of two identical soft X-ray (0.3–10 keV) telescopes with focusing optical modules having a measured angular resolution of nearly 15 arcsec. Soon after the payload completion, the mission was cancelled and the two optical flight modules (FM) were brought to the Brera Astronomical Observatory where they had been manufactured. After 16 years of storage, we have utilized the JET-X FM2 to test at the PANTER X-ray facility a prototype of a novel X-ray polarimetric telescope, using a Gas Pixel Detector (GPD) with polarimetric capabilities in the focal plane of the FM2. The GPD was developed by a collaboration between INFN-Pisa and INAF-IAPS. In the first phase of the test campaign, we have re-tested the FM2 at PANTER to have an up-to-date characterization in terms of angular resolution and effective area, while in the second part of the test the GPD has been placed in the focal plane of the FM2. In this paper we report the results of the tests of the sole FM2, using an unpolarized X-ray source, comparing the results with the calibration done in 1996. 相似文献
219.
We present color ratio curves of the S-Asteroid 15 Eunomia, which have been extracted from high-precision photometric lightcurves obtained in three different VNIR wavelength bands at the Bochum Telescope, La Silla. The measured color ratio curves and near infrared spectra were used to derive a detailed surface composition model whose shape has been computed by V-lightcurve inversions. According to this analysis, the asteroid shows on one hemisphere a higher concentration of pyroxene, which causes an increased 440/700 nm and a reduced 940/700 nm reflectance ratio as well as a pronounced 2-μm absorption band. The remaining surface shows a higher concentration of olivine, leading to a reduced 440/700 nm and slightly increased 940/700 nm color ratio. In addition, we found that the maximum of the 440/700 nm color ratio curve coincide with the minimum of the 940/700 nm color ratio curve and vice versa. We demonstrate on the basis of USGS laboratory spectra that this anti-cyclical behavior can be explained by choosing Fe-rich olivine and a pyroxene with moderate Fe content as varying mineral phases. Furthermore, our observations confirm that 15 Eunomia is an irregular elongated and at least partially differentiated body. Previous spectral investigations of several smaller fragments of the Eunomia asteroid family revealed that the amount of fragments showing an increased pyroxene content exceeds the amount of pyroxene-poor fragments (Nathues, 2000, DLR Forschungsbericht, ISSN 1434-8454). This finding together with the observation that the major fraction of Eunomia's surface is enriched in olivine let us claim that a large fraction of the original pyroxene-enriched crust layer has been lost due to a major collision that created the Eunomia asteroid family. Significant spectral evidences, consistent with high concentrations of metals have been found neither in the rotational resolved spectra of 15 Eunomia nor in its fragments. This led to the conclusion that either no core consisting mainly of metals exists or that an eventual one has not been unearthed by the impact. 相似文献
220.
Stefano Casotto 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1990,50(2):125-141
The spectra of geopotential, Earth and ocean tidal perturbations on a satellite can be obtained using Kaula's linear theory, or an extension thereof, as summations of terms depending on four indices l, m, p, q. In this work algorithms are presented that generate the equivalence classes induced by the composition rule of frequency on the set of all (l, m, p, q) combinations up to a maximum degree L and maximum value Q of the last index. These algorithms eliminate the need to search the set of frequencies when the linear theory is programmed on a computer. 相似文献