龙门山的石炭系

四川江油马角坝、北川沙窝子是龙门山上泥盆统、下石炭统区域性主要岩石地层单位的命名地,对这两地及前龙门山北段地区的调查发现:1)前人关于马角坝地区下石炭统的层序和马角坝组主要化石群的记载有与实际不符之处,当地实际缺失杜内期至维宪早、中期地层,总长沟群的时代应属晚维宪—谢尔普霍夫期,重新厘定马角坝组含义,新指定北川桂溪沙窝子的长滩子剖面为该组的参考剖面;2)在长滩子剖面长滩子组顶部Beichuano-phyllum与Cystophrentis珊瑚化石富集层之上、马角坝组Pseudouralinia富集层之下的大套厚层白云岩层组合的中上部层位,发现Cystophrentis等化石,基于这套厚层白云岩组合的岩性特征明显、顶底接触关系清楚、区域展布广泛,建议引用前人提出的黑岩窝组,同时对黑岩窝组的岩性、岩层组合与古生物组合特征、厚度和时代归属等作了补充和修正,根据其中所含生物群认为黑岩窝组时代为晚泥盆世法门晚期;3)通过与周边地区的地层对比,探讨了龙门山石炭纪的古地理格局及环境演变,认为除前龙门山中部的桂溪—沙窝子等狭窄地区因长期地处泥盆纪海水入侵通道,地势低洼,出现了残存式的杜内期沉积外,前龙门山南、北段广大地区杜内期至维宪早、中期已大部抬升露出水面,直到维宪晚期的全球性海侵,前龙门山遂再度没于水下,出现准平原化浅滩相沉积环境,并延续至石炭纪末。     

362℃和差异应力条件下硫化物在NaCl溶液中的再活化实验研究

红透山块状硫化物矿石主要成分为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和石英、角闪石、黑云母等脉石矿物。切成长40mm 直径17mm 的矿石圆柱用20wt%NaCl 溶液浸泡260小时后装入长江500型活塞-圆筒式三轴应力试验机,在362℃414MPa 围压下加1342MPa 轴压,13小时后于空气中自然冷却。实验后试样长度压缩为32.3mm,算得应变速率为4.1×10~(-6)/s。实验产物中出现大量垂直应力轴的松弛裂缝。黄铁矿强烈脆性破裂,而磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿以塑性变形为主,局部也发生脆性破裂。再活化黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿分别充填同种矿物的碎粒间隙。再活化产物也呈细脉穿插脆性变形的黄铁矿碎斑,细脉中以黄铜矿为主,其次是磁黄铁矿,有时含极少量闪锌矿,在磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿的塑性变形区内,以及变形的石英和其它脉石矿物中均无再活化硫化物产出。实验结果表明在构造应力作用下强干性矿物和地质体容易发生脆性变形,从而为再活化成矿流体的运移和析出矿质提供通道和空间,而韧性变形区较难提供流体通道和矿质沉淀空间。所以,再活化成矿作用容易发生在脆性变形区和韧-脆性转换部位。原生矿石中的黄铜矿在实验条件下比其它三种硫化物更容易再活化。脆性变形的黄铜矿和黄铁矿比起其它矿物来更容易接受含铜流体的叠加,因此地层中的含铜黄铁矿矿胚层最容易受叠加流体作用而形成层控富矿床。     

环境蠕变对农业病虫草鼠害的潜在影响

重点讨论了在全球气候变暖的大背景下,农业病虫草鼠害加重和新的病虫草鼠出现也作为一种蠕变现象正在遭受气候变化的影响和冲击。其主要表现在农业有害生物(病、虫、草、鼠)地理分布范围扩大、越冬界限北移、农田害虫害鼠发育时间缩短、繁殖代数增加、种群增长率加快、发生提早、危害加重、病毒病增加、新病虫草鼠出现等等。     

Characteristics of climate change in the “significant impact zone” affected by aerosols over eastern China in warm seasons

Through analysis of the distribution pattern and changing characteristics of atmospheric aerosols over the East Asia region during warm seasons in recent 20 a and beyond as well as their possible interac- tive relationship with a variety of meteorological elements, it is found that the high-value zone of aerosol optical depth derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), its significant negative correlation zones in terms of sunshine duration (SD) and surface air temperature (SAT) and its significant positive correlation zones with low-level cloud amount (LCC) are co-located in the South China region during warm periods. Based on this finding, the region is referred to as a "significant impact zone" (SI zone) affected by aerosols. Then, a comparative analysis is made on variation differ- ences of observed SAT, SD and LCC, etc. in different regions. It is also found that the LCC is increased and the SD is decreased within the "SI zone" over eastern China during the warm season. These characteristics are more evident than those beyond the zone, while the warming trend within the zone is evidently weaker than that outside it. Studies show that since recent 20 a, under the influence of aerosols, the LCC tend to increase substantially with a clear decrease of SD and an unnoticeable warming trend within the "SI zone". Comparing with the climate change beyond the zone, the difference is significant. Therefore, the effects of atmospheric aerosols on climate is possibly one of the contri- butions to the difference of climate change existed between the southern and northern parts of the Eastern China during a warm season.     

Retrieval algorithm for microwave surface emissivities based on multi-source, remote-sensing data: An assessment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plays a very important role in studying severe weather in China and around the globe because of its unique characteristics. Moreover, the surface emissivities of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are also important for retrieving surface and atmospheric parameters. In the current study, a retrieval algorithm was developed to retrieve the surface emissivities of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The developed algorithm was derived from the radiative transfer model and was first validated using simulated data from a one-dimensional microwave simulator. The simulated results show good precision. Then, the surface emissivities of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were retrieved using brightness temperatures from the advanced microwave-scanning radiometer and atmospheric profile data from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer. Finally, the features of the time and space distribution of the retrieved results were analyzed. In terms of spatial characteristics, a spatial distribution con- sistency was found between the retrieved results and surface coverage types of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In terms of time characteristics, the changes in emissivity, which were within 0.01 for every day, were not evident within a one-month time scale. In addition, surface emissivities are sensitive to rainfall. The reasonability of the retrieved results indicates that the algorithm is feasible. A time-series surface emissivity database on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can be built using the developed algorithm, and then other surface or atmospheric parameters would have high retrieval precision to support related geological re- search on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

自然灾害风险地图中的制图综合研究——以点状承灾体为例

为提高多尺度灾害风险地图表达中高风险区承灾体的准确、有效、快速识别,基于灾害风险理论,运用地理学规律,在GIS等技术支持下,结合数据挖掘和空间分析技术,探讨了在尺度转换过程中点状承灾体的制图综合问题,并结合承灾体自身及在灾害系统中的属性特征,抽象概括了点状承灾体在灾害地图中的制图综合类型,即重要性综合、特殊性综合、邻近性综合、条件性综合、完整性综合、随机性综合。针对每一种综合类型,给出了可能的灾害情景假设及制图综合方法,并进行了技术实现及可视化表达。结果表明,基于上述6种类型的点状承灾体制图综合,不仅有效解决了尺度转换过程中的数据冗余问题,而且还能准确反映出特定孕灾环境下高风险区承灾体的空间分布,同时也为灾害风险地图的制图综合提供一种新的思路。本研究为区域灾害风险识别、风险防范与管理提供理论与技术支持,进而为区域的防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

层序成因动力学中的构造因素研究

本文以层序－盆地－构造为主线，对层序成因动力学中的构造控制进行了研究。结果表明，层序发育的构造控制主要表现为：1）构造控制盆地边界，进而控制层序充填轮廓；2）构造级次控制层序和层序级别；3)构造属性控制盆地性质，进而控制层序成因格架和界面成因类型；4)随着层序规模和界面级别的增大，构造控制的意义和痕迹越明显；5)同沉积断裂活动控制层序的内部构型；6)构造基底活动形式控制着层序容纳空间和结构型式；7)构造演化控制着盆地演化及性质，进而控制着层序充填样式和组合类型。     

中国西北地区石羊河流域农业生态系统能值评价

通过能值方法分析了石羊河流域农业生态系统的资源环境基础和经济特征。结果表明,石羊河流域中下游凉州区和民勤绿洲的能值总投入呈降低趋势,能值投资率都偏高,生产成本较大;能值产出率低,对购买能值的利用效率不高;但能值自给率有所提高;环境载荷率高,农业生态环境所受压力较大,系统可持续发展指标表明两个绿洲经济系统极为不发达,属于消费型经济系统,并且人均可用能值和能值密度都呈降低趋势。     

贵州大方煤田主采煤层的矿物学异常及其对元素地球化学的影响

运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、带能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)、逐级化学提取(SCEP)和光学显微镜等方法,对贵州大方煤田11号煤层的地球化学和矿物学进行了研究。结果表明,大方煤田11号煤层中有高含量的脉状石英(11.4%)和脉状铁白云石(10.2%),铁白云石周边常被针铁矿所包裹,在脉状石英中发现有热液成因的黄铜矿、闪锌矿和硒方铅矿,此外,还有少量高岭石充填在脉中,这7种矿物常常同脉共存。脉状石英和脉状铁白云石分别来源于硅质和富铁的钙质低温热液流体,形成温度分别为180℃和85℃。脉状石英早于脉状铁白云石形成。根据Ca/Sr和Fe/Mn值,确定出铁白云石的形成至少经历了3个时期。这7种矿物按照从早到晚的生成顺序为硫化物、石英、高岭石、铁白云石和针铁矿。铁白云石是煤中Mn、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn富集的主要原因,这5种微量元素的含量分别为0.09%、74.0μg/g、33.6μg/g、185μg/g和289μg/g。脉状石英是煤中铂族元素Pd、Pt和Ir的主要载体,它们在煤中的含量分别为1.57μg/g、0.15μg/g和0.007μg/g。另外,黄铜矿、闪锌矿和硒方铅矿亦是11号煤层中Cu、Zn和Pb的重要载体。