鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤储层孔隙结构特征差异及影响因素

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤储层为研究对象,通过镜质体最大反射率（R_max）测试、压汞和低温液氮吸附实验等手段,探讨分析了煤储层孔隙结构发育特征及影响因素。结果表明：研究区煤储层视孔隙度偏低,且自北向南呈明显降低趋势,煤储层的孔隙发育情况以小孔、微孔为主,煤储层的BET比表面积平均为1.26 m²/g,其中北部煤储层比表面积较大,煤储层BJH总孔容平均为0.003 41 mL/g;受惰质组相对含量、压缩程度及次生孔隙影响,随着煤变质程度的增加,煤岩的孔隙度、BJH总孔体积和BET比表面积呈现“大—小—大”的变化规律,当R_max值为1.5%左右时,为最小值;煤储层随着所受应力的增强,微孔趋于闭合,其他各类孔数量均减小,整体上为小孔含量相对增加,煤中吸附孔隙类型由封闭型孔变为开放型孔,应力作用对煤岩的渗流孔隙的发育具有较强的控制作用,主要体现在煤岩中大孔对煤层气的贡献要优于其他孔隙。     

Change of Gas Hydrate Reservoir and Its Effect on the Environment in Xisha Trough since the Last Glacial Maximum

In this article, Milkov and Sassen’s model is selected to calculate the thickness of the gas hydrate stable zone (GHSZ) and the amount of gas hydrate in the Xisha (西沙) Trough at present and at the last glacial maximum (LGM), respectively, and the effects of the changes in the bottom water temperature and the sea level on these were also discussed. The average thickness of the GHSZ in Xisha Trough is estimated to be 287 m and 299 m based on the relationship between the GHSZ thickness and the water depth established in this study at present and at LGM, respectively. Then, by assuming that the distributed area of gas hydrates is 8 000 km2 and that the gas hydrate saturation is 1.2% of the sediment volume, the amounts of gas hydrate are estimated to be ~2.76×1010 m3 and ~2.87×1010 m3, and the volumes of hydrate-bound gases are ~4.52×1012 m3 and ~4.71×1012 m3 at present and at LGM, re- spectively. The above results show that the thickness of GHSZ decreases with the bottom water tem- perature increase and increases with the sea level increase, wherein the effect of the former is larger than that of the latter, that the average thickness of GHSZ in Xisha Trough had been reduced by ~12 m, and that 1.9×1011 m3 of methane is released from approximately 1.1×109 m3 of gas hydrate since LGM. The released methane should have greatly affected the environment.     

辽西黄土陡坡的冲刷破坏机制

以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。     

几种土石方量测量计算方法的对比研究

对工程土石方量计算中的等高线法、断面法、方格网法以及基于数字高程模型（DEM）法的基本原理、方法和优缺点进行比较分析,从理论上讨论它们的实用范围、测量条件并进行精度分析,进而找出存在问题并给出结论.     

广东省雷暴天气气候特征分析

分析了广东省86个站1971-2004年历年平均雷暴日数、初终雷日资料,以及南雄、增城、汕头、电白平均逐日气温资料的气候变化规律,并通过分析雷暴与气温的相互关系,揭示出广东省的雷暴主要由热力条件引起。     

北方冬小麦冬季冻害及播期延迟应对

全球变暖背景下, 我国北方冬麦区冬季冻害是否仍是主要气象灾害,冬小麦播期延迟是否能作为应对气候变化的措施,成为当前亟待解决的科学问题。研究表明：1981—2000年北方冬麦区偏北地区冬季冻害指数与冬小麦减产率相关系数为0.62(达到0.001显著性水平),即2000年前冬季冻害是冬小麦减产的主要气象灾害之一;2000年后冻害与冬小麦减产率相关不显著,即冬季冻害已不再是冬小麦减产的主要影响因子。2018—2021年的冬小麦分期播种试验分析表明：山东泰安和陕西咸阳主栽的冬小麦品种播期推迟,冬前积温和生长季积温明显减少,导致冬小麦植株高度、地上总干重和叶面积指数减小;播期推迟对产量结构造成不利影响,有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均分别减少,导致减产,播期推迟10 d平均减产22%,推迟20 d平均减产40%。因此,冬小麦推迟播期并未产生积极效应, 可能原因是当前冬小麦播期和主栽的冬小麦品种已适应当地气候变化。     

地面几何标定的定向片自检校光束法区域网平差模型

针对航天线阵传感器,综合镜头光学畸变影响、像元尺寸与焦距的变化影响以及镜头的旋转作用,构建8标定参数的内方位自检校模型;利用定向片内插模型,描述影像的外方位元素变化;建立自检校光束法区域网平差模型,在对模型进行线性化的过程中,引入待标定的定向片外方位元素;利用SPOT5模拟数据对平差模型进行实验验证,结果表明,平差模型能够联合标定内方位自检校参数与外方位元素,标定结果准确。     

南海夏季风爆发日期和强度的短期气候预测方法研究

利用合成及相关统计方法，研究冬季南海季风指数与850hPa风场、500hPa高度、海表温度、OLR等环境场的相互关系及其影响南海夏季风活动的可能机制。指出冬季南海季风指数及环境场的异常特征可以作为预测南海夏季风活动的前兆信号。在此基础上建立了预测南海夏季风爆发日期和强度的概念模型，1998－2001年的预测试验取得了较好成绩。     

幔源CO_2释出机理、脱气模式及成藏机制研究进展

针对幔源CO2如何从地幔岩浆中脱出并进入沉积地层中形成CO2气藏聚集这一关键问题,总结了国内外研究进展和前缘方向。研究表明,地幔深部的碱性玄武岩浆和碱性岩浆才是深部流体和CO2等挥发份大量赋存、渗滤和释出的场所。浅成侵入岩、次火山岩和火山通道等是CO2释放和聚集的有利位置,岩浆期后和岩浆衰弱期的热液活动阶段是CO2大量释放和聚集的有利时期。幔源CO2进入沉积盆地中具有3种脱气模式,即沿岩石圈断裂直接脱气模式、热流底辟体脱气模式和壳内岩浆房-基底断裂组合脱气模式。CO2的固有物化性质决定其运移相态多样,具有运移和聚集过程同步的特征。只有在满足大量的化学消耗及地层水或原油的溶解和耗散之后才能形成CO2有效聚集。幔源CO2成藏和分布主要受岩浆气源体和气源断裂体系的控制。今后,在超临界CO2及其对油气运移聚集的作用、CO2与深大断裂及火山岩的关系、CO2脱气运移机制、CO与常规烃类油气的耦合差异成藏机制等方面仍需要进一步的研究和探索。     

Effect of nitrogen addition on soil organic carbon in freshwater marsh of Northeast China

Increased nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems could alter soil organic carbon (C) dynamics, but the effect still remains uncertain. To better understand the effect of N addition on soil organic C in wetland ecosystems, a field experiment was conducted in a seasonally inundated freshwater marsh, the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In this study, litter production, soil total organic C (TOC) concentration, microbial biomass C (MBC), organic C mineralization, metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and mineralization quotient (qmC) in 0–15 cm depth were investigated after four consecutive years of N addition at four rates (CK, 0 g N m^?2 year^?1; low, 6 g N m^?2 year^?1; moderate, 12 g N m^?2 year^?1; high, 24 g N m^?2 year^?1). Four-year N addition increased litter production, and decreased soil organic C mineralization. In addition, soil TOC concentration and MBC generally increased at low and moderate N addition levels, but declined at high N addition level, whereas soil qCO₂ and qmC showed a reverse trend. These results suggest that short-term N addition alters soil organic C dynamics in seasonally inundated freshwater marshes of Northeast China, and the effects vary with N fertilization rates.