Comparisons of ZnO codoped by group IIIA elements (Al, Ga, In) and N: a first-principle study

The electronic structures and effective masses of the N mono-doped and Al-N, Ga-N, In-N codoped ZnO system have been calculated by a first-principle method, and comparisons among different doping cases are made. According to the results, the impurity states in the codoping cases are more delocalised compared to the N mono-doping case, which means a better conductive behaviour can be obtained by codoping. Besides, compared to the Al-N and Ga-N codoping cases, the hole effective mass of In-N codoped system is much smaller, indicating the p-type conductivity can be more enhanced by In-N codoping.     

Molecular and isotopic compositions of bitumens in Silurian tar sands from the Tarim Basin,NW China: Characterizing biodegradation and hydrocarbon charging in an old composite basin

Biodegradation and oil mixing in Silurian sandstone reservoirs of the Tarim Basin, one of the largest composite basins in China, were investigated by analyzing the molecular characteristics and stable carbon isotopic signatures of low-molecular-weight (LMW) saturated hydrocarbons and high-molecular-weight (HMW) asphaltenes. Detection of 25-norhopanes and 17-nortricyclic terpanes in most Silurian tar sands from the Tabei Uplift in the Tarim Basin suggests a much greater degree of biodegradation here than in the Tazhong Uplift. This explains the relatively more abundant tricyclic terpanes, gammacerane, pregnane and diasteranes in tar sands from the Tabei Uplift than in those from the Tazhong Uplift. Hence, care must be taken when assigning oil source correlations using biomarkers in tar sands because of the biodegradation and mixing of oils derived from multiple sources in such an old composite basin. Asphaltenes in the tar sands seem to be part of the oil charge before biodegradation, depending on the relative anti-biodegradation characteristics of asphaltenes, the similarity in carbon isotopic signatures for asphaltenes and their pyrolysates, and the consistent product distribution for flash pyrolysis and for regular steranes in asphaltene pyrolysates, regardless of whether the tar sands were charged with fresh oil. According to the relative distributions of regular steranes and the relatively abundant 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene significantly enriched in ¹³C, the oil sources for asphaltenes in the tar sands might be related to lower Paleozoic marine source rocks formed in euxinic conditions. Nevertheless, the relatively low abundance of gammacerane and C₂₈ regular steranes observed in asphaltene pyrolysates and residual hydrocarbons, within limited samples investigated in this work, made a direct correlation of oils originally charged into Silurian tar sands with those Cambrian source rocks, reported so far, seem not to be possible. Comparison of carbon isotopic signatures of n-alkanes in asphaltene pyrolysates with those of LMW saturated hydrocarbons is helpful in determining if the abundant n-alkanes in tar sands are derived from fresh oil charges after biodegradation. The limited carbon isotopic data for n-alkanes in LMW saturated hydrocarbons from the tar sands can be used to classify oils charged after biodegradation in the composite basin into four distinct groups.     

Spatial–temporal distribution of phytoplankton pigments in relation to nutrient status in Jiaozhou Bay,China

We conducted studies of phytoplankton and hydrological variables in a semi-enclosed bay in northern China to understand the spatial–temporal variability and relationship between these variables. Samples were collected during seven cruises in Jiaozhou Bay from November 2003 to October 2004, and were analyzed for temperature, nutrients and phytoplankton pigments. Pigments from eight possible phytoplankton classes (Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Chlorophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae, Cryptophyceae and Caynophyceae) were detected in surface water by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytoplankton pigment and nutrient concentrations in Jiaozhou Bay were spatially and temporally variable, and most of them were highest in the northern and eastern parts of the sampling regions in spring (May) and summer (August), close to areas of shellfish culturing, river estuaries, dense population and high industrialization, reflecting human activities. Chlorophyll a was recorded in all samples, with an annual mean concentration of 1.892 μg L⁻¹, and fucoxanthin was the most abundant accessory pigment, with a mean concentration of 0.791 μg L⁻¹. The highest concentrations of chlorophyll a (15.299 μg L⁻¹) and fucoxanthin (9.417 μg L⁻¹) were observed in May 2004 at the station close to the Qingdao Xiaogang Ferry, indicating a spring bloom of Diatoms in this area. Although chlorophyll a and other biomarker pigments showed significant correlations, none of them showed strong correlations with temperature and nutrients, suggesting an apparent de-coupling between the pigments and these hydrological variables. The nutrient composition and phytoplankton community composition of Jiaozhou Bay have changed significantly in the past several decades, reflecting the increasing nutrient concentrations and decline of phytoplankton cell abundance. The unchanged total chlorophyll a levels indicated that smaller species have filled the niche vacated by the larger species in Jiaozhou Bay, as revealed by our biomarker pigment analysis.     

Static bay beach concept for scientists and engineers: A review

Headland-bay beach (HBB) is one of the most prominent physiographic features on the oceanic margin of many countries in the world. Under the influence of a predominant swell, its curved periphery in natural environment may reach static equilibrium and remains stable without sediment supply from updrift and/or a riverain source within its own embayment. Coastal scientists and engineers have attempted to develop mathematical expressions to quantify this ideal bay shape since the 1940s. As the scenario with depleting sediment supply has become a common reality on many parts of the world coastline in more recent time, some coastal engineers have advocated a rational approach to mimicking the static bay shape found in nature in order to mitigate beach erosion as well as for coastal management. Nowadays, many useful applications have emerged since the publication of the parabolic bay shape equation (PBSE) developed for static equilibrium planform (SEP) in late 1980s. The advance in modern computer technologies and international collaboration has further facilitated the exchange of knowledge and applications of this static bay beach concept (SBBC).     

连云港临洪河口水体中重金属的化学形态与分布特征研究

对连云港海域临洪河口水体中重金属元素Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd的主要存在形态及悬浮颗粒态重金属元素的赋存形态进行了分析。结果表明:悬浮态重金属Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd的含量在调查海域内空间分布基本均衡,Zn、Cu、Cd主要以溶解态形式存在,而Pb则主要以颗粒态形式存在。对悬浮态重金属元素的赋存形态分析表明,Cu主要富集在有机-硫化物态、Zn主要富集在残渣态、Pb主要富集在铁锰氧化物态和碳酸盐结合态、Cd主要富集在可交换态和碳酸盐结合态。     

有机农药六六六对胶州湾海域水质的影响Ⅰ.含量的年份变化

根据1979～1984年(缺少1980年)的胶州湾水域调查资料,分析有机农药六六六(HCH)在胶州湾水域的含量大小、年份变化和季节变化。研究结果表明:在1979～1984年(缺1980年)期间,在胶州湾水体中HCH的含量逐年都在减少。在1983年,中国禁止HCH的使用,在禁用后,水体中HCH的含量全部低于一类海水的水质标准。在禁用后,水体中HCH的含量很低,几乎没有季节变化。因此,中国禁止HCH的使用对环境的改善取得显著的成效。     

胶州湾水体镉的迁移过程和环境本底值结构

根据1979年的胶州湾水域调查资料,分析重金属Cd在胶州湾水域的水平分布、垂直分布和季节变化。研究结果表明:在整个胶州湾水域,水质没有受到任何Cd的污染。在胶州湾和湾口水域只有两个Cd的来源。一个是来源于地壳岩石风化,通过陆地径流把重金属Cd注入胶州湾水域;另一个是来源于海底,经过海洋水流的作用把重金属Cd注入湾口水域。作者提出了重金属在水域的环境本底值结构:基础本底值、陆地径流的输入量和海洋水流的输入量,并且应用于胶州湾水域。作者认为在来源的迁移过程中,有陆地来源迁移和海底来源迁移。根据杨东方的水域迁移过程研究,陆地径流决定了Cd的表、底层质量浓度变化。     

2009年秋季航次UCTD样机海上试验

UCTD(Underway Conductivity-Temperature-Depth)是一种新型船舶走航上层海洋温度盐度剖面调查设备。文中介绍了国内研制的UCTD样机参加2009年秋季航次海上试验情况,包括试验设备的组成、安装、试验结论和存在的问题等。为了海上现场检验UCTD样机探头测量性能、下降深度、速度和甲板设备的运行情况,共进行了42次投放试验。通过分析试验数据,UCTD样机的作业时间、测量深度、测量性能和可靠性均达到了预期的设计目标。试验数据经处理后可获取海洋上层温盐断面数据,实现了UCTD实际应用效果,最后对试验中发现的问题提出了解决办法。     

南海西北陆缘新型多金属结核的发现及意义

近年南海西北陆缘西沙东北海域发现大型多金属结核,尽管其外观与大洋结核别无二致,具有个体大、外部形态规整、层状结构清晰的特点,但其地球化学组成与大洋多金属结核存在明显差别:TMn/TFe的比值小,仅为0.73,富Fe、Si、Al、稀土元素而贫Mn、Cu、Co、Ni。Be同位素质谱法测年和钙质超微生物地层学方法研究表明,结核生长速度达7.41～15.38 mm/Ma,远大于大洋多金属结核的平均生长速率和以前发现于南海北部的多金属结核。依据其综合特征,初步认定其为边缘海区域赋存的一种新型多金属结核。该类型结核所蕴含丰富的边缘海区域古海洋、古气候、古环境信息,有助于探讨新生代末期青藏高原隆升、东亚季风加强、北半球冰期发生等重大地质事件所引起的区域沉积响应。     

Second-Oorder Analytic Solutions of Nonlinear Interactions of Edge Waves on A Plane Sloping Bottom

Based on the full water-wave equation, a second-order analytic solution for nonlinear interaction of short edge waves on a constant plane sloping bottom is presented in this paper. For special case of slope angle b=p/2, this solution can be reduced to the same order solution of deep water gravity surface waves traveling along parallel coastline. Interactions between two edge waves including progressive, standing and partially reflected standing waves were also discussed. The unified analytic expressions with transfer functions for kinematic-dynamic elements of edge waves were also discussed. The random model of the unified wave motion processes for linear and nonlinear irregular edge waves is formulated, and the corresponding theoretical autocorrelation and spectral density functions of the first and second orders are derived. The boundary conditions for the determining determination of the parameters of short edge wave are suggested, that may be seen as one special simple edge wave excitation mechanism and an extension to the sea wave refraction theory. Finally some computation results are demonstrated.