汾渭平原典型城乡PM2.5中多环芳烃特征与健康风险

为查明汾渭平原典型城乡地区重度污染天气PM_2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征及其人群健康效应,本文于2018—2019年冬季分别选取西安和陇县作为城乡对比参照点,采集了重度污染天气PM_2.5颗粒态气溶胶样品。利用气相色谱—质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测样品中具有“三致效应”的15种PAHs含量及组分特征,使用特征比值法及主成分法进行PAHs源解析,并分析了气象因素对PAHs质量浓度的可能影响,通过对苯并芘（BaP）等效毒性浓度和终生超额致癌风险度（ILCR）的计算,对人群健康风险进行评估。结果表明：西安与陇县在重度污染天气条件下PM_2.5中15种PAHs总平均质量浓度分别为243.78 ng/m³、609.39 ng/m³,其中4~6环PAHs占比最高;且PAHs浓度与气温、气压及风速呈显著负相关,与相对湿度则无明显相关性。西安PAHs污染主要来自燃烧源与交通排放源,而煤炭及生物质燃烧是造成陇县PAHs质量浓度偏高的主要原因。健康风险评估结果显示,重污染天气下陇县人群通过呼吸引发的致癌风险要高于西安,女性致癌风险高于男性,成人致癌风险高于儿童,且两地区成人ILCR值均超过风险阈值,存在潜在致癌风险,儿童则无明显致癌风险。     

Measuring hydraulic permeability in a streambed using the packer test

Permeability of a streambed is an important factor regulating nutrient and oxygen availability for aquatic biota. In order to investigate the relationship, an accurate permeability should be measured. However, it is difficult to measure permeability in a coarse gravel bed using a conventional permeability test. Moreover, turbulent flow may occur in coarse bed material, and then deviations from Darcy's law do occur. Thus, permeability calculated following Darcy's law may be overestimated under turbulent flow conditions and should be corrected. The packer test can be used in highly permeable gravel beds. We developed a field method applicable to a gravel bed using the packer test and derived an equation adopting a law of turbulent flow to study the problems under any type of flow condition. The accuracy of the equation was examined using a laboratory flume with a gravel bed. The results suggested that permeability calculated from Hvorslev's equation is overestimated for turbulent flow. In contrast, our equation, developed here, could evaluate permeability accurately under any type of flow condition. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宽泛地理注记的投放模型

针对网络地图服务环境中的地理注记评价问题,对传统地理注记内容进行非结构化文本形式扩展,定义宽泛地理注记,用投放过程来模型化标注行为首先,依据词频分类方法确定地理注记文本内容分类,并根据Voronoi k阶邻近关系建立投放邻域的空间相关性定量收敛描述,进而结合地理注记文本与地理注记存在邻域构建基于地理注记类型与类型转化的投放模型实验结果表明,在已知两种类型地理注记集的实际情况下,投放模型能够有效地对新增地理注记进行合理性评价.     

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta体腔液的抗菌活性研究

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta为我国特有的一种可食用海洋经济动物。本文以可口革囊星虫为研究对象,利用琼脂径向扩散、涂板计数等方法研究其体腔液中物质的抗菌活性以及理化特性。研究结果表明,可口革囊星虫体腔液中存在抗菌活性物质,并且该物质对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus等3种革兰氏阳性细菌具有明显的抗菌效果,但对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli等3种革兰氏阴性细菌以及葡萄牙假丝酵母Candida lusitaniae抗菌效果不明显。结果还发现:(1)不同提取方式出现明显不同的抗菌效果,与体腔液上清液和2%乙酸提取体腔液所得提取物的抗菌效果相比,超声破碎处理提取物的抗菌效果最为明显。(2)理化特性研究发现该抗菌物质抗菌效力持久,抗冻融,并且在5~30 ℃范围内最适抗菌温度约为25 ℃;该物质不耐高温,60 ℃处理10 min后该物质的抗菌作用完全消失;此外,该物质的抗菌作用不依赖金属离子的存在。(3)超滤管过滤截留琼脂扩散结果表明该抗菌物质的分子量在100 kDa以上。     

Activities of Parent Comets and Related Meteor Showers

The activity of a meteor shower is thought to be proportional to the activities through time of the parent comet. Recent applications of the dust trail theory provide us not only with a new method to forecast the occurrences and intensities of shower activities, but it is also offers a new approach to explore the history of past activities of the parent comet by retro-tracking its associated meteor showers. We introduce the result of an effort for relating meteor shower activities to the parent comet activities for which we chose the October Draconids and comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in this paper.     

从红外遥感图像提取地下热信息的透热指数法

红外遥感影像主要反映的是地表温度。然而气象因素对地表温度的影响远大于来源于地下的地质因素 ,可能存在的地下热异常信号淹没在气象信息之中。如何从中提取地下热信息 ,成为一个关键问题。文中由热传导理论出发 ,根据地下热信号通过不同热扩散率材料传到地表时将产生较大时间差的特点 ,提出了提取地下热异常的新指标“透热指数”。通过对实验数据和遥感数据的试算 ,分析了使用“透热指数”法的条件及影响因素     

红河断裂带大型右旋走滑运动与伴生构造地貌变形

调查研究表明,自中新世以来,红河断裂大规模右旋走滑运动及其伴生构造变形有如下一些主要特征在几何结构上,可将整个红河断裂系分为北、中、南3个变形区。北区东侧为滇西北伸展裂陷区,以轴向NNW,NNE和近SN向3组上新世以来的裂陷型断盆为特征,北段西侧为兰坪—云龙古近纪、新近纪压缩变形区;中段变形以右旋剪切走滑运动为特征,南部断裂东侧有滇东中新世以来的压缩变形,西侧为藤条河中新世拉伸断陷区。上述变形特征反映在构造地貌上为北部盆岭构造、中段线性断谷断盆构造及南部压(张)性盆地变形,其中苍山—洱海一带断裂两侧主夷平面的巨大落差是红河断裂上新世以来断陷正断作用的显著代表。在时空演化上,从古近纪经中新世至上新世,断裂主体活动部位在南段,并呈由南向北的“撕裂”格局,上新世以后至第四纪,尤其是晚第四纪以来,主体活动部位已转移至北段,表现为由N向SE的滑移伸展变形;变形区的范围大小和变形幅度表明红河断裂的东盘地块始终是作为地块相对运动的主动盘     

Seismic response estimation method for earthquake‐damaged RC buildings

This study proposes a procedure for identifying spectral response curves for earthquake‐damaged areas in developing countries without seismic records. An earthquake‐damaged reinforced concrete building located in Padang, Indonesia was selected to illustrate the identification of the maximum seismic response during the 2009 West Sumatra earthquake. This paper summarizes the damage incurred by the building; the majority of the damage was observed in the third story in the span direction. The damage was quantitatively evaluated using the damage index R according to the Japanese guidelines for post‐earthquake damage evaluation. The damage index was also applied to the proposed spectral response identification method. The seismic performance of the building was evaluated by a nonlinear static analysis. The analytical results reproduced a drift concentration in the third story. The R‐index decreased with an increase in the story drift, which provided an estimation of the maximum response of the building during the earthquake. The estimation was verified via an earthquake response analysis of the building using ground acceleration data, which were simulated based on acceleration records of engineering bedrock that considered site amplification. The maximum response estimated by the R‐index was consistent with the maximum response obtained from the earthquake response analysis. Therefore, the proposed method enables the construction of spectral response curves by integrating the identification results for the maximum responses in a number of earthquake‐damaged buildings despite a lack of seismic records. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Dichothermal layer deepening in relation with halocline depth change associated with northward shrinkage of North Pacific western subarctic gyre in early 2000s

In the western subarctic North Pacific, a wind-driven cyclonic circulation, called the western subarctic gyre (WSAG), exists. We examined year-to-year changes of the gyre and hydrographic structures, applying the altimetry-based gravest empirical mode (AGEM) method to hydrographic and altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data, and relation to the in situ variation of the temperature minimum layer, i.e., the dichothermal layer, depth at station K2 (47^° N, 160^° E). The AGEM-based geostrophic volume transport and the streamfunction of the WSAG in the top 1000-dbar layer show that the gyre changes substantially. From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, the gyre shrunk northward. Due to the shrinkage, the halocline bottom, which is equivalent to the top of the main pycnocline, deepens at K2 outside the central part of the gyre. The downward displacement of the dichothermal layer at K2 was found to be significantly related to that of the underlying halocline due to the northward shrinkage of the WSAG.     

Can a minimalist model of wind forced baroclinic Rossby waves produce reasonable results?

The linear theory predicts that Rossby waves are the large scale mechanism of adjustment to perturbations of the geophysical fluid. Satellite measurements of sea level anomaly (SLA) provided sturdy evidence of the existence of these waves. Recent studies suggest that the variability in the altimeter records is mostly due to mesoscale nonlinear eddies and challenges the original interpretation of westward propagating features as Rossby waves. The objective of this work is to test whether a classic linear dynamic model is a reasonable explanation for the observed SLA. A linear-reduced gravity non-dispersive Rossby wave model is used to estimate the SLA forced by direct and remote wind stress. Correlations between model results and observations are up to 0.88. The best agreement is in the tropical region of all ocean basins. These correlations decrease towards insignificance in mid-latitudes. The relative contributions of eastern boundary (remote) forcing and local wind forcing in the generation of Rossby waves are also estimated and suggest that the main wave forming mechanism is the remote forcing. Results suggest that linear long baroclinic Rossby wave dynamics explain a significant part of the SLA annual variability at least in the tropical oceans.