龙门山冲断带分段机理研究

前陆冲断带具有巨大的油气勘探潜力,构造分段性控制油气分布。龙门山冲断带构造分段特征明显,但对分段性的形成机理缺乏深入研究。总结前人砂箱模拟实验成果认为:盆地基底差异和推覆带附近刚性体分布的差异,是造成冲断带构造分段的主要原因。龙门山前川西古拗拉谷的发现,为盆地基底存在差异提供了有利证据,古拗拉谷两侧发育大邑古隆起、江油——老关庙古隆起,在后期逆冲推覆过程中形成阻挡。通过对龙门山推覆带基底特征和刚性地体进行分析,结合前人模拟实验结果,明确提出龙门山冲断带构造分段机理:龙门山北段构造的形成是以碧口地块为动力,龙门山初始裂谷边缘古隆起形成阻挡,在古隆起上方形成冲断带;中段以彭灌杂岩体[彭县——灌县(都江堰)杂岩体]传递动力,在川西古拗拉谷坳陷部位,刚性体挤入盆地内部,印支期——喜马拉雅期,古坳陷部位继承性地发展为川西前陆盆地;南段以宝兴杂岩体传递动力,在大邑古隆起上方形成冲断带。     

基于GlobeLand30的全球城乡建设用地空间分布与变化统计分析

城乡建设用地分布与变化是人类活动的直观标志和生态足迹,在环境变化研究、地理国(世)情监测和可持续发展研究等方面发挥着重要作用。以往人们对一些城市、区域或国家的城乡建设用地分布与变化进行过较为深入系统的研究,但在全球尺度上,这方面研究尚为空白。本文是利用我国自主研制的世界上首套30m空间分辨率全球地表覆盖数据集GlobeLand30的人造地表数据层,首次开展了全球城乡建设用地的空间分布及变化的统计分析。它采用用地面积、构成占比和增量占比等主要指标,统计全球范围内城乡建设用地的空间分布及2000年至2010年10年间的变化,重点分析了2010年全球、各大洲及主要国家的城乡建设用地分布现状与地域差异,2000年至2010年全球、主要国家的建设用地变化以及其主要土地来源。研究结果表明,2010年全球城乡建设用地总面积为118.75×104km2,占全球陆表面积的0.88%;2000年至2010年全球城乡建设用地面积增加了5.74×104 km2,变化率为5.08%,其中,中国和美国新增城乡建设用地约占全球的一半;新增城乡建设用地占用最多的是耕地,占总量的50.26%。这些为研究全球陆表人类活动的空间分布特征与变化趋势提供了翔实的信息和知识。     

基于非等间隔GM(1,1)模型的沉降预测

使用非等间距GM(1,1)模型、基于线性内插和基于神经网络的GM(1,1)模型对某建筑物的沉降观测数据进行分析和预测,并将建模过程在Matlab中用程序语言进行描述。依据预测结果对3种方法的优缺点进行说明,对于实际工程的数据处理方法选取有一定的指导意义。     

思茅区地质灾害危险性评价

在对思茅区地质灾害进行详细调查的基础上,采用信息量法和模糊综合评判法分别对地质灾害进行危险性分区评价,并对两种评价结果进行了对比和综合分析。研究表明:在大部分地区两种评价结果一致且与实地调查结果吻合度高;地质灾害高度危险区主要分布在山区居民集中的沟谷山坡地带以及交通相对便利的公路沿线地区,低度危险区主要分布在地势相对平坦的盆地一带以及自然保护区;在局部地区,信息量法评价结果相对模糊综合评判结果与实地调查结果的吻合度更高。     

榆林飞播林区土壤地球化学特征

以榆林飞播林区的土壤微生物、土壤养分和土壤可溶性盐为研究对象,对林区土壤可溶性盐的变化规律及其与土壤养分、微生物的相关性进行研究,为水土资源可持续利用以及飞播造林功效的提高提供理论依据.研究表明,研究区土壤属硫酸盐型,土壤层分异特征不显著,土壤仍处于初级发育阶段.土壤总盐与养分的相关性不明显,适当增加K⁺利于真菌的存活和生物量的积累,在1 kg土壤中,每增加1 g K⁺,真菌数量就会增加14个左右.在土层表层,适量减少Cl^-能促进土壤细菌的生长,在40 cm土层的盐分上行过程中出现表聚现象,在土壤中层,出现板结现象,在土壤底层,HCO₃^-和Na⁺质量分数的增加,有利于土壤全氮质量分数的增加,且HCO₃^-的影响力最强.     

Investigation on semi-direct and indirect climate effects of fossil fuel black carbon aerosol over China

A Regional Climate Chemistry Modeling System that employed empirical parameterizations of aerosol-cloud microphysics was applied to investigate the spatial distribution, radiative forcing (RF), and climate effects of black carbon (BC) over China. Results showed high levels of BC in Southwest, Central, and East China, with maximum surface concentrations, column burden, and optical depth (AOD) up to 14 μg?m^?3, 8 mg?m^?2, and 0.11, respectively. Black carbon was found to result in a positive RF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to its direct effect while a negative RF due to its indirect effect. The regional-averaged direct and indirect RF of BC in China was about +0.81 and ?0.95 W?m^?2, respectively, leading to a net RF of ?0.15 W?m^?2 at the TOA. The BC indirect RF was larger than its direct RF in South China. Due to BC absorption of solar radiation, cloudiness was decreased by 1.33 %, further resulting in an increase of solar radiation and subsequently a surface warming over most parts of China, which was opposite to BC’s indirect effect. Further, the net effect of BC might cause a decrease of precipitation of ?7.39 % over China. Investigations also suggested large uncertainties and non-linearity in BC’s indirect effect on regional climate. Results suggested that: (a) changes in cloud cover might be more affected by BC’s direct effect, while changes in surface air temperature and precipitation might be influenced by BC’s indirect effect; and (b) BC second indirect effect might have more influence on cloud cover and water content compared to first indirect effect. This study highlighted a substantial role of BC on regional climate changes.     

Ensemble data assimilation in a simple coupled climate model: The role of ocean-atmosphere interaction

A conceptual coupled ocean-atmosphere model was used to study coupled ensemble data assimilation schemes with a focus on the role of ocean-atmosphere interaction in the assimilation. The optimal scheme was the fully coupled data assimilation scheme that employs the coupled covariance matrix and assimilates observations in both the atmosphere and ocean. The assimilation of synoptic atmospheric variability that captures the temporal fluctuation of the weather noise was found to be critical for the estimation of not only the atmospheric, but also oceanic states. The synoptic atmosphere observation was especially important in the mid-latitude system, where oceanic variability is driven by weather noise. The assimilation of synoptic atmospheric variability in the coupled model improved the atmospheric variability in the analysis and the subsequent forecasts, reducing error in the surface forcing and, in turn, in the ocean state. Atmospheric observation was able to further improve the oceanic state estimation directly through the coupled covariance between the atmosphere and ocean states. Relative to the mid-latitude system, the tropical system was influenced more by ocean-atmosphere interaction and, thus, the assimilation of oceanic observation becomes more important for the estimation of the ocean and atmosphere.     

Simulating urban flow and dispersion in Beijing by coupling a CFD model with the WRF model

The airflow and dispersion of a pollutant in a complex urban area of Beijing, China, were numerically examined by coupling a Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） model with a mesoscale weather model. The models used were Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation （OpenFOAM） software package and Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model. OpenFOAM was firstly validated against wind-tunnel experiment data. Then, the WRF model was integrated for 42 h starting from 0800 LST 08 September 2009, and the coupled model was used to compute the flow fields at 1000 LST and 1400 LST 09 September 2009. During the WRF-simulated period, a high pressure system was dominant over the Beijing area. The WRF-simulated local circulations were characterized by mountain valley winds, which matched well with observations. Results from the coupled model simulation demonstrated that the airflows around actual buildings were quite different from the ambient wind on the boundary provided by the WRF model, and the pollutant dispersion pattern was complicated under the influence of buildings. A higher concentration level of the pollutant near the surface was found in both the step-down and step-up notches, but the reason for this higher level in each configurations was different： in the former, it was caused by weaker vertical flow, while in the latter it was caused by a downward-shifted vortex. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the coupled WRF-OpenFOAM model is an important tool that can be used for studying and predicting urban flow and dispersions in densely built-up areas.     

相关处理机多制式兼容性测试的初步结果

我国VLBI网包括上海佘山、乌鲁木齐和昆明 3个观测站 ,以及上海天文台研制的两台站相关处理机。上海佘山和乌鲁木齐站已升级成MK4制式和只使用薄磁带 ,而昆明站只能使用S2制式。因此 ,实现相关处理机对不同制式数据和薄磁带的兼容 ,是我国VLBI网顺利运行的关键。给出了多制式VLBI观测实验和相关处理的初步结果 ,总结了相关处理机升级后的处理能力 ,并对相关处理机的下一步发展作简单讨论     

Evidence for a new MeV source observed by the COMPTEL experiment aboard CGRO

We report first evidence for a new unidentified and variable MeV source, located near the galactic plane at (l,b)∼(284.5°, 2.5°). The source, GRO J1036-55, is found at a significance level of ∼5.6σ by COMPTEL in its 3–10 MeV band. The energy spectrum indicates a spectral maximum at 3–4.3 MeV with a steep slope at higher energies. Since the COMPTEL 3–4.3 MeV data contain contamination by an instrumental background line, we performed several consistency checks, which all are consistent with an astrophysical nature of this emission feature.