Selection of sand models and identification of parameters using an enhanced genetic algorithm

Numerous constitutive models of granular soils have been developed during the last few decades. As a consequence, how to select an appropriate model with the necessary features based on conventional tests and with an easy way of identifying parameters for geotechnical applications has become a major issue. This paper aims to discuss the selection of sand models and parameters identification by using genetic algorithm. A real‐coded genetic algorithm is enhanced for the optimization with high efficiency. Models with gradually varying features (elastic‐perfectly plastic modelling, nonlinear stress–strain hardening, critical state concept and two‐surface concept) are selected from numerous sand models as examples for optimization. Conventional triaxial tests on Hostun sand are selected as the objectives in the optimization. Four key points are then discussed in turn: (i) which features are necessary to be accounted for in constitutive modelling of sand; (ii) which type of tests (drained and/or undrained) should be selected for an optimal identification of parameters; (iii) what is the minimum number of tests that should be selected for parameter identification; and (iv) what is the suitable and least strain level of objective tests to obtain reliable and reasonable parameters. Finally, a useful guide, based on all comparisons, is provided at the end of the discussion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterising deep vadose zone water movement and solute transport under typical irrigated cropland in the North China Plain

Understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of soil water movement and solute transport is essential for accurately estimating recharge rates and evaluating the impacts of agricultural activities on groundwater resources. In a thick vadose zone (0–15 m) under irrigated cropland in the piedmont region of the North China Plain, soil water content, matric potential, and solute concentrations were measured. Based on these data, the dynamics of soil water and solutes were analysed to investigate the mechanisms of soil water and solute transport. The study showed that the 0–15‐m vadose zone can be divided into three layers: an infiltration and evaporation layer (0–2 m), an unsteady infiltration layer (2–6 m), and a quasi‐steady infiltration layer (6–15 m). The chloride, nitrate, and sulphate concentrations all showed greater variations in the upper soil layer (0–1 m) compared to values in the deep vadose zone (below 2 m). The average concentrations of these three anions in the deep vadose zone varied insignificantly with depth and approached values of 125, 242, and 116 mg/L. The accumulated chloride, sulphate, and nitrate were 2,179 ± 113, 1,760 ± 383, and 4,074 ± 421 kg/ha, respectively. The soil water potential and solute concentrations indicated that uniform flow and preferential flow both occurred in the deep vadose zone, and uniform flow was the dominant mechanism of soil water movement in this study. The piston‐like flow velocity of solute transport was 1.14 m per year, and the average value of calculated leached nitrate nitrogen was 107 kg/ha?year below the root zone. The results can be used to better understand recharge processes and improve groundwater resources management.     

冀东迁西—迁安地区紫苏花岗岩的地球化学特征及其成因

本文根据地质和地球化学的研究提出本区紫苏花岗岩主要是由英云闪长质、花岗闪长质岩浆侵位之后经麻粒岩相变质而形成的。根据地球化学特征,本区的紫苏花岗岩可分为大离子亲石元素亏损的北区(太平寨—三屯营)和大离子亲石元素较富集的南区(水厂—松汀),它们的地球化学差异反映了其形成时构造条件的不同。     

上海及其邻区潜在地质灾害的构造背景与成因机理

本文基于上海及其邻区活动断裂构造及有关地区潜在地质灾害特点的研究,论证了上海及其邻区潜在地质灾害的三种基本类型及其构造背景与成因机理;指出:上海及其邻区楔形断裂系统的存在与活动是诱发有关地区潜在地质灾害的主导因素。文中明确指出了上海及其邻区楔形断裂系统的研究在相关地区进行潜在地质灾害评价与预测方面的应用前景与发展方向。     

A study on A-type granites in Suzhou,China

The Suzhou granite suite is the anorogenic product, which is located on the inactive continental margin of east China. It was emplaced about 141 Ma ago, occurring as a stock with a polygonal outline on the surface, belonging to alkali potash-feldspar granites with K₂O > Na₂O, Reit’s alkali coefficient = 0.694, SiO₂ = 74.95, and Al₂O₃/(K₂O + Na₂O)mol= 1. Besides K and Na, Li and Rb are also rather high. Highlycharged metals such as Zr, Nb, REE, Y, Sn, Th, Ga and Zn are 10, or even 50 times higher than those in the ordinary granites. Halogen elements such as F and Cl are high in abundance with F = 2700 ppm and Cl = 170 ppm on average. The abundances of deep-source elements such as Ti, Al, Ca, Mg and P are relatively low, with A1₂O₃ = 12.65% and Ca + Mg < 1%. High Ga and low Al contents are typomorphically characteristic of A type granites. Biotite in the rocks is, for the most part, annite, usually filling in quartz and feldspar crystals, indicating that the crystallization of magma proceeded under relatively anhydrous condition. More than 40 kinds of accessory minerals have been identified, of which the mantle-derived mineral chrompicotite and moissanite is of great interest. Two different intrusions, the major and supplementary intrusions, can be distinguished in the granite suite. The rock-forming temperature is estimated to be 810°C, pressure 2.5 kbars, pH 8.1,¹⁸O/¹⁶O low(δ¹⁸O_WR = 6.19‰), and_fo₂= 10⁻¹⁶. The abundances of REE are high and Eu depletion is remarkable (δEu = 0.24). A variety of mineral deposits related to the Suzhou granite suite have been recognized.     

宝山岩体——一个壳型花岗岩类含钨岩体地质地球化学特征与成矿

从岩体产出的地质背景、岩石学、岩石化学、稀土元素特征、岩石熔化实验,Sr~(87)/Sr~(86)初始比值等资料的初步研究,表明岩体成因属壳型(相当徐克勤的陆壳改造型)花岗岩。但由於岩浆近地同化混染白云质灰岩,致使造岩矿物黑云母富含镁质,又具有过渡型(相当徐克勤的同熔型)花岗岩的某些特点。而钨、铅、锌(银)多金属矿床与该岩体有着成因上的联系。     

华南两类不同成因花岗岩的铅同位素组成特征

本文论述了华南两类不同成因花岗岩的铅同位素组成特征。不同类型的花岗岩,具有明显不同的铅同位素组成。改造型花岗岩相对富放射成因铅,其铅同位素比值较高,Pb/~(204)Pb>72;且相对富铀铅而贫钍铅,~(208)Pb/~(206)Pb<2.1。同熔型花岗岩则反之。利用有关的铅同位素图解和参数,可对花岗岩的成因类型进行划分。岩石的铅同位素组成与其成岩物质来源的关系,可从铀(钍)铅同位素的演化得到解释。研究结果表明,花岗岩的铅同位素组成特征,能够提供有关成岩物质来源的信息,从而作为划分花岗岩成因类型的又一个稳定同位素标志。     

Simultaneous determination of 37 elements in geochemical samples by spectrographic method using a specially designed covered electrode

Detection limits of volatile elements are effectively lowered by the spectrographic method of using covered electrodes in conjunction with the arc concentration technique; the method presented allows for simultaneous multi-element batch determination. In the author's laboratory, measurements were made by using a plane-grating spectrograph, PGS-2 with an a.c. arc generator as an excitation source and a current of 13 A. The detection limits of the 37 elements determined basically meet the needs of regional geochemical exploration with a relative standard deviation of ±5–10% for most elements (except B and Ga, which are ±10–20%). The analytical results of geochemical standard reference samples (GSD 1–8 of China and GXR 1–6 of the USGS) by this method agree with their recommended (or certified) values with a relative error of ±30%.     

中国铀资源特点及找矿方向

中国铀矿地质勘查工作,在50年代中期为矿山建设提供了第一批可资利用的铀矿储量;60年代中国至70年代中期,使东南地区成为最重要的铀矿资源基地;70年代中期以来,展现了中国东北部找铀矿的巨大潜力,南部也取得了好的成果。中国铀矿资源时空分布和产出的特征是:矿床分布广泛,地区间差异明显;矿床产出时代新,矿床以中小规模为主,矿石平均品位中等;矿床以围岩分类:花岗岩型、火山岩型(占总储量的61％),砂岩型(占21％),碳硅泥岩型(占13％)。借鉴西方国家70年代以来该项工怍飞速发展及重大突破的经验,为保证中国铀矿勘查工作长期稳步发展,有大的突破,必须加强西部地区的区调普查,实现找矿中心的战略转移。为此,近期我们要做好以下工作:调整队伍部署,提高技术素质;加强经济评价,做好宏观调控;加强资源评价,制定勘查规划;依靠科技进步,实现铀矿勘查工作的现代化。     

我国部份地区雷暴活动、大气电场等与太阳活动的关系

本文用时序迭加法统计分析了1976—1985年太阳黑子一个完整周期内太阳活动与雷暴活动及地面大气电场之间的可能相关性。结果表明:高纬度地区有较好的相关性,耀斑爆发以后雷暴指数有明显增大趋势,最大关联日在+5日以后。中、低纬度地区几乎不存在相关性。随着耀斑强度增强,相关性也增大,且影响区域从高纬度向中、低纬度移动。在耀斑爆发后2天左右,地面电场强度增大,其关联日比雷暴指数提前。太阳黑子数和雷暴活动之间的相关性很微弱。本文又从全球电路概念出发,简单地解释了形成上述相关性的可能原因。