Parameterization of sheared entrainment in a well-developed CBL. Part I: Evaluation of the scheme through large-eddy simulations

The entrainment flux ratio A _e and the inversion layer (IL) thickness are two key parameters in a mixed layer model. A _e is defined as the ratio of the entrainment heat flux at the mixed layer top to the surface heat flux. The IL is the layer between the mixed layer and the free atmosphere. In this study, a parameterization of A _e is derived from the TKE budget in the firstorder model for a well-developed CBL under the condition of linearly sheared geostrophic velocity with a zero value at the surface. It is also appropriate for a CBL under the condition of geostrophic velocity remaining constant with height. LESs are conducted under the above two conditions to determine the coefficients in the parameterization scheme. Results suggest that about 43% of the shear-produced TKE in the IL is available for entrainment, while the shear-produced TKE in the mixed layer and surface layer have little effect on entrainment. Based on this scheme, a new scale of convective turbulence velocity is proposed and applied to parameterize the IL thickness. The LES outputs for the CBLs under the condition of linearly sheared geostrophic velocity with a non-zero surface value are used to verify the performance of the parameterization scheme. It is found that the parameterized A _e and IL thickness agree well with the LES outputs.     

A high resolution nonhydrostatic tropical atmospheric model and its performance

A high resolution nonhydrostatic tropical atmospheric model is developed by using a ready-made regional atmospheric modeling system. The motivation is to investigate the convective activities associated with the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) through a cloud resolving calculation. Due to limitations in computing resources, a 2000 kmx2000 km region covering the forefront of an ISO-related westerly is selected as the model domain, in which a cloud-resolving integration with a 5-km horizontal resolution is conducted. The results indicate the importance of stratus-cumulus interactions in the organization of the cloud clusters embedded in the ISO. In addition, comparative integrations with 2-km and 5-km grid sizes are conducted, which suggest no distinctive differences between the two cases although some finer structures of convections are discernible in the 2-km case. The significance of this study resides in supplying a powerful tool for investigating tropical cloud activities without the controversy of cloud parameterizations. The parallel computing method applied in this model allows sufficient usage of computer memory, which is different from the usual method used when parallelizing regional model. Further simulation for the global tropics with a resolution around 5 km is being prepared.     

山东省GNSS基准站的建设

介绍山东省GNSS基准站土建、供电避雷、通讯以及仪器设备安装调试的技术工艺.     

跨断层形变不同观测方法的对比分析

基于安丘地震台跨断层短水准、短基线和MD断层蠕变观测同期资料的变化特点、干扰特征,采用相关分析方法讨论了三者之间的关系.结果表明:1)安丘定点短水准观测受温度和地下水位的影响,与温度负相关,与地下水位正相关;安丘基线与温度显著相关,相关系数达0.95;MD断层蠕变观测水平正交、斜交和垂直观测均受温度影响,MD断层水平正交、斜交长期资料与温度相关性很好,相关系数分别为0.98和0.99,但短时间MD观测与温度相关性比较复杂,观测到的地表形变超前于温度变化;垂直观测分量在不同的季节,观测值与温度相关程度不同.2)短基线和MD断层水平正交一致性较好,在场地合适的情况下可进行对比观测;短水准和MD垂直观测分量没有明显的一致性变化特征,MD仪安装在半地下室的情况下,两者不适合进行同步观测.     

Determination of wave energy dissipation factor and numerical simulation of wave height in the surf zone

Based on the time-dependent mild slope equation including the effect of wave energy dissipation, an expression for the energy dissipation factor is derived in conjunction with the wave energy balance equation. The wave height of regular and irregular waves is numerically simulated by use of the parabolic mild slope equation considering the energy dissipation due to wave breaking. Comparison of numerical results with experimental data shows that the expression for the energy dissipation factor is reasonable. The effects of the wave breaking coefficient on the breaking point and the distribution of wave height after breaking are discussed through the study of a specific experimental topography.     

Energy Balance of Irrigated Intercropping Field in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River Basin

1 Introduction Most of the solar radiation that ecosystem seizes is con- sumed on latent, sensible and soil heat flux. Among them, latent heat flux shares the biggest part (Gutierrez and Meizer, 1994; Ham et al., 1991; Rachidi et al., 1993). The radiation budget and the energy balance are crucial to water conversion and effective water utilization. Also, they are important parts of research of water-saving ag- riculture (Mo et al., 1997). At present, the researches on radiation budget and e…     

冀西北麻粒岩相花岗质片麻岩中矿物的流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

本文报道了冀西北地区麻粒岩相片麻岩中矿物内流体包裹体的特征并讨论了其地质意义。根据包裹体的形态、赋存状态并结合包裹体ＣＯ２密度的演化,在麻粒岩相花岗质片麻岩的矿物中可识别出四种类型的流体包裹体：１）一相富ＣＯ２包裹体、２）气液两相富ＣＯ２包裹体、３）三相含液态ＣＯ２包裹体,４）含石盐子晶的多相包裹体。不同类型包裹体的特征和密度等表明,该区花岗质片麻岩经历了三个阶段的变质过程。第一阶段,在麻粒岩相变质作用峰期之后捕获了高密度的富ＣＯ２包裹体。在第二阶段形成了两相富ＣＯ２包裹体。第三阶段捕获了低密度的三相含液态ＣＯ２包裹体。这种很低密度的流体包裹体反映了晚期变形和退变质期间的温压条件     

Effects of water temperature and dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and energy budget of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

1 INTRODUCTION White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, a tropical species, naturally distributes along the eastern Pa- cific coast from northern Mexico to northern Peru along 20℃ isotherms, was introduced into China in 1988 (Cai and Chen, 1995). Temperature w…     

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EIGEN-CG01C用于GPS高程转换的精度分析

介绍了综合CHAMP、GRACE卫星数据和地面重力数据得到的最新重力场模型EIGEN-CG01C,利用GPS水准数据探讨了该模型用于GPS高程转换的精度问题,并同EGM96模型进行了比较。统计结果表明:在我国西部某区域(2000km×2000km)的范围内、点间距100km的情况下,该模型用于GPS高程转换的精度约0.7m;在我国中、东部的3个小区域算例中,该模型的精度分别约0.13m、0.05m和0.06m,均优于EGM96模型的精度。