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971.
Ryoko Fujiyoshi Hikaru Amano Yousuke Sakuta Kazumasa Okamoto Takashi Sumiyoshi Ivan Kobal Janja Vaupoti? 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):133-140
Carbon sources were estimated by measuring carbon isotope ratios (??13C and ??14C) with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in forest soils of different lithology. Six locations were selected in temperate deciduous and coniferous stands in Slovenia (?irovski vrh, Idrija, Ko?evski Rog, Pohorje, Gori?nica, and Rakitna), where carbonate rocks consisting of limestone and dolomite are abundant as underlying bedrock. Carbon isotope fractionation would not have occurred in two carbonaceous soils, since the values of both ??13C and ??14C changed consistently in these soils after thermal (550°C, 2?h) or chemical (1?M HCl, 24?h) treatments. Organic components were found to be predominant carbon sources (70?C100%) in the uppermost portions (0?C2?cm in depth). In deeper portions at a depth of about 30?C35?cm, soil carbon may be derived completely from underlying carbonate minerals in Idria, western part of Slovenia. The Combination of heat and chemical treatments with AMS provides practical information on soil carbon sources in carbonaceous soils. 相似文献
972.
A. K. Singh G. Baumann J. Henninges U.-J. G?rke O. Kolditz 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):497-509
Prediction about reservoir temperature change during carbon dioxide injection requires consideration of all, often subtle, thermal effects. In particular, Joule?CThomson cooling (JTC) and the viscous heat dissipation (VHD) effect are factors that cause flowing fluid temperature to differ from the static formation temperature. In this work, warm-back behavior (thermal recovery after injection completed), as well as JTC and VHD effects, at a multi-layered depleted gas reservoir are demonstrated numerically. OpenGeoSys (OGS) is able to solve coupled partial differential equations for pressure, temperature and mole-fraction of each component of the mixture with a combination of monolithic and staggered approaches. The Galerkin finite element approach is adapted for space discretization of governing equations, whereas for temporal discretization, a generalized implicit single-step scheme is used. For numerical modeling of warm-back behavior, we chose a simplified test case of carbon dioxide injection. This test case is numerically solved by using OGS and FeFlow simulators independently. OGS differs from FeFlow in the capability of representing multi-componential effects on warm-back behavior. We verify both code results by showing the close comparison of shut-in temperature profiles along the injection well. As the JTC cooling rate is inversely proportional to the volumetric heat capacity of the solid matrix, the injection layers are cooled faster as compared to the non-injection layers. The shut-in temperature profiles are showing a significant change in reservoir temperature; hence it is important to account for thermal effects in injection monitoring. 相似文献
973.
Europe’s longest-operating on-shore CO2 storage site at Ketzin, Germany: a progress report after three years of injection 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
S. Martens T. Kempka A. Liebscher S. Lüth F. M?ller A. Myrttinen B. Norden C. Schmidt-Hattenberger M. Zimmer M. Kühn 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):323-334
The Ketzin pilot site, led by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, is Europe??s longest-operating on-shore CO2 storage site with the aim of increasing the understanding of geological storage of CO2 in saline aquifers. Located near Berlin, the Ketzin pilot site is an in situ laboratory for CO2 storage in an anticlinal structure in the Northeast German Basin. Starting research within the framework of the EU project CO2SINK in 2004, Ketzin is Germany??s first CO2 storage site and fully in use since the injection began in June 2008. After 39?months of operation, about 53,000 tonnes of CO2 have been stored in 630?C650?m deep sandstone units of the Upper Triassic Stuttgart Formation. An extensive monitoring program integrates geological, geophysical and geochemical investigations at Ketzin for a comprehensive characterization of the reservoir and the CO2 migration at various scales. Integrating a unique field and laboratory data set, both static geological modeling and dynamic simulations are regularly updated. The Ketzin project successfully demonstrates CO2 storage in a saline aquifer on a research scale. The results of monitoring and modeling can be summarized as follows: (1) Since the start of the CO2 injection in June 2008, the operation has been running reliably and safely. (2) Downhole pressure data prove correlation between the injection rate and the reservoir pressure and indicates the presence of an overall dynamic equilibrium within the reservoir. (3) The extensive geochemical and geophysical monitoring program is capable of detecting CO2 on different scales and gives no indication for any leakage. (4) Numerical simulations (history matching) are in good agreement with the monitoring results. 相似文献
974.
S. Bauer H. Class M. Ebert V. Feeser H. G?tze A. Holzheid O. Kolditz Sabine Rosenbaum W. Rabbel D. Sch?fer A. Dahmke 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):351-367
Capture and geological sequestration of CO2 from large industrial sources is considered a measure for reducing anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and thus mitigating climate change. One of the main storage options proposed are deep saline formations, as they provide the largest potential storage capacities among the geologic options. A thorough assessment of this type of storage site therefore is required. The CO2-MoPa project aims at contributing to the dimensioning of CO2 storage projects and to evaluating monitoring methods for CO2 injection by an integrated approach. For this, virtual, but realistic test sites are designed geometrically and fully parameterized. Numerical process models are developed and then used to simulate the effects of a CO2 injection into the virtual test sites. Because the parameterization of the virtual sites is known completely, investigation as well as monitoring methods can be closely examined and evaluated by comparing the virtual monitoring result with the simulation. To this end, the monitoring or investigation method is also simulated, and the (virtual) measurements are recorded and evaluated like real data. Application to a synthetic site typical for the north German basin showed that pressure response has to be evaluated taking into account the layered structure of the storage system. Microgravimetric measurements are found to be promising for detecting the CO2 phase distribution. A combination of seismic and geoelectric measurements can be used to constrain the CO2 phase distribution for the anticline system used in the synthetic site. 相似文献
975.
Michael Kühn Maja Tesmer Peter Pilz Robert Meyer Kurt Reinicke Andrea F?rster Olaf Kolditz Dirk Sch?fer 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):311-321
The joint research project CLEAN was conducted in the years 2008?C2011 by a German research and development (R&D) alliance of 16 partners from science and industry. The project was set-up as pilot project to investigate the processes relevant to enhanced gas recovery (EGR) by the injection of CO2 into a subfield of the almost depleted Altmark natural gas field. Despite the setback that permission for active injection was not issued by the mining authority during the period of the project, important results fostering the understanding of processes linked with EGR were achieved. Work carried out led to a comprehensive evaluation of the EGR potential of the Altmark field and the Altensalzwedel subfield in particular. The calculated safety margins emphasize that technical well integrity of the 12 examined boreholes is given for EGR without a need for any further intervention. The laboratory and field tests confirm that the Altensalzwedel subfield is suitable for the injection of 100,000?t of CO2. Numerical simulations provide sound predictions for the efficiency and safety of the EGR technology based on the CO2 injection. The development and testing of different monitoring techniques facilitate an improved surveying of CO2 storage sites in general. The CLEAN results provide the technological, logistic and conceptual prerequisites for implementing a CO2-based EGR project in the Altmark and provide a benchmark for similar projects in the world. 相似文献
976.
The Hammam Lif coast (North-East of Tunisia) suffered from erosion mainly after the storm that damaged the zone in 1981. To protect it, eight shore-parallel breakwaters were built. The present study is interested in presenting the effect of the protection works on the coastline behavior by using aerial photographs geo-referenced by the digital photogrammetric method and empirical relationships. The successive breakwaters made a general accretion with formation of seven tombolos and salient. The response of the coast to these structures was related to the characteristics of these latter (length, distance to coast, and spacing). The effectiveness of such protection works is shown by the evaluation of the accretion areas formed behind them. The breakwaters which are the longest, less distant from the shoreline, and less spaced formed well-developed tombolos. Whereas, the structures which are short, very far from the coastline, and far from each other caused very small tombolos and even a salient. 相似文献
977.
This paper deals with the counting and measuring of overlapping circular objects in binary images, a problem that arises in the mineral processing industry when estimating the distribution of bubble diameters in flotation cells in order to predict the geometallurgical performance of the flotation process. By viewing the images as realizations of a stationary planar Boolean model with circular grains and by using two-point set statistics, it is possible to jointly estimate the average number of objects per unit area and their diameter distribution. When applied to real and simulated images, this method is shown to give accurate estimates, to be robust to the presence of noise contaminating the images and of moderate drifts in the number of objects per unit area, and to speed up the processing time with respect to currently used methods. Combined, these properties serve to make the method suitable for an on-line monitoring of the flotation process. 相似文献
978.
Hendrik Lamert H. Geistlinger U. Werban C. Schütze A. Peter G. Hornbruch A. Schulz M. Pohlert S. Kalia M. Beyer J. Gro?mann A. Dahmke P. Dietrich 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(2):447-462
Potential pathways in the subsurface may allow upwardly migrating gaseous CO2 from deep geological storage formations to be released into near surface aquifers. Consequently, the availability of adequate methods for monitoring potential CO2 releases in both deep geological formations and the shallow subsurface is a prerequisite for the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Geoelectrical surveys are carried out for monitoring a small-scale and temporally limited CO2 injection experiment in a pristine shallow aquifer system. Additionally, the feasibility of multiphase modeling was tested in order to describe both complex non-linear multiphase flow processes and the electrical behavior of partially saturated heterogeneous porous media. The suitability of geoelectrical methods for monitoring injected CO2 and geochemically altered groundwater was proven. At the test site, geoelectrical measurements reveal significant variations in electrical conductivity in the order of 15?C30?%. However, site-specific conditions (e.g., geological settings, groundwater composition) significantly influence variations in subsurface electrical conductivity and consequently, the feasibility of geoelectrical monitoring. The monitoring results provided initial information concerning gaseous CO2 migration and accumulation processes. Geoelectrical monitoring, in combination with multiphase modeling, was identified as a useful tool for understanding gas phase migration and mass transfer processes that occur due to CO2 intrusions in shallow aquifer systems. 相似文献
979.
A Kalman filter-based method combining the energy of both L1 C/A and L2C GPS signals in a combined tracking loop method to
enhance performance under adverse conditions is developed. Standard tracking methods and the ionospheric effect on GPS signals
are reviewed and compared to a new Kalman filter that simultaneously estimates delay, phase and total electron content by
combining L1 C/A and L2C code and phase discriminator outputs. The new filter is tested and compared to standard methods for
tracking L1 C/A and L2C using both simulated and real data. The new method is found to have improved sensitivity of 3 dB compared
to standard L1 tracking and 4.5 dB compared to standard L2C tracking while at the same time providing an accurate estimate
of the total electron content along the signal path. 相似文献
980.
VLBI-derived troposphere parameters during CONT08 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
R. Heinkelmann J. B?hm S. Bolotin G. Engelhardt R. Haas R. Lanotte D. S. MacMillan M. Negusini E. Skurikhina O. Titov H. Schuh 《Journal of Geodesy》2011,85(7):377-393
Time-series of zenith wet and total troposphere delays as well as north and east gradients are compared, and zenith total delays (ZTD) are combined on the level of parameter estimates. Input data sets are provided by ten Analysis Centers (ACs) of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) for the CONT08 campaign (12?C26 August 2008). The inconsistent usage of meteorological data and models, such as mapping functions, causes systematics among the ACs, and differing parameterizations and constraints add noise to the troposphere parameter estimates. The empirical standard deviation of ZTD among the ACs with regard to an unweighted mean is 4.6?mm. The ratio of the analysis noise to the observation noise assessed by the operator/software impact (OSI) model is about 2.5. These and other effects have to be accounted for to improve the intra-technique combination of VLBI-derived troposphere parameters. While the largest systematics caused by inconsistent usage of meteorological data can be avoided and the application of different mapping functions can be considered by applying empirical corrections, the noise has to be modeled in the stochastic model of intra-technique combination. The application of different stochastic models shows no significant effects on the combined parameters but results in different mean formal errors: the mean formal errors of the combined ZTD are 2.3?mm (unweighted), 4.4?mm (diagonal), 8.6?mm [variance component (VC) estimation], and 8.6?mm (operator/software impact, OSI). On the one hand, the OSI model, i.e. the inclusion of off-diagonal elements in the cofactor-matrix, considers the reapplication of observations yielding a factor of about two for mean formal errors as compared to the diagonal approach. On the other hand, the combination based on VC estimation shows large differences among the VCs and exhibits a comparable scaling of formal errors. Thus, for the combination of troposphere parameters a combination of the two extensions of the stochastic model is recommended. 相似文献