Quantifying the failure probability of a canal levee

Polders in the Netherlands are protected from flooding by flood defence systems along main water bodies such as rivers, lakes or the sea. Inside polders, canal levees provide protection from smaller water bodies. Canal levees are mainly earthen levees along drainage canals that drain excess water from polders to the main water bodies. The water levels in these canals are regulated. During the last decades, probabilistic approaches have been developed to quantify the probability of failure of flood defences along the main water bodies. This paper proposes several extensions to this method to quantify the probability of failure of canal levees. These extensions include a method to account for (i) water-level regulation in canals, (ii) the effect of maintenance dredging on the geohydrological response of the canal levee and (iii) survival of loads in the past. The results of a case study demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of quantifying the probability of failure of canal levees and is useful for exploring the relative benefit of risk mitigating measures for canal levees.     

墨西哥陆缘海域Sureste盆地构造演化及构造单元划分

墨西哥Sureste盆地是墨西哥最具油气潜力的盆地,但与北部相比,勘探程度不高.自招标以来,受资料品质以及含盐岩的影响,尽管陆续有油气发现,但盆地构造演化与构造单元划分仍没有明确的定论.基于地震、重力、磁力资料,结合区域地质特征,通过2D Move软件,采用地球物理与地质相结合研究,确定了 Sureste盆地构造演化特...     

Spatial and temporal changes of agro-meteorological disasters affecting maize production in China since 1990

Agro-meteorological (AM) disasters have been reported to be more frequent with climate change. In this study, the spatial and temporal changes in the frequency of major AM disasters affecting maize production are investigated by analyzing observed records at 224 national AM stations in China from 1991 to 2009. To investigate the temporal changes of the disasters with climate warming, the whole study period was separated into a cool period (1991–2000) and a warmer one (2000–2009). We found drought was the most common disaster with a frequency of 49 %, followed by chilling injures (19.46 %). The frequency of disasters affecting maize increased significantly during the reproductive growth period than the vegetative growth period. Spatial patterns of major disaster frequency were characterized by region-specific, with more cold stress in northeastern China, drought in northern and western China, and rainstorms in southwestern China. Our study highlighted that the frequency and scope both increased significantly, implying a potential increasing risk for maize production. It is critical and important for local farmers and governors to take reasonable and timely adaptation measures based on the latest disasters’ features to mitigate the potential yield loss from AM disasters in order to ensure food security in China.     

南海东北部大陆坡地震反射异常体的属性分析与岩性识别*

南海北缘属于非火山型大陆边缘。过去的研究在洋陆转换带北部的地震剖面上曾观测到一些疑似岩席和火山体的高振幅异常体, 但对这些高振幅异常体的属性却缺乏进一步的研究。本文在南海东北部大陆坡上的两个多道地震剖面(SO1E和SOY)中也发现了一个长度超过15km、厚度约为1.2km的巨大高振幅异常体, 它为研究者提供了一个探究洋陆转换带北部是否存在岩浆活动的机会。本研究对该高振幅异常体进行了速度分析与AVO(amplitude variation with offset)分析。结果表明, 与周围岩层相比, 该高振幅异常体内部有较高的P波速度和泊松比。结合区域地质背景和异常体内部的反射特征及大小形状, 推测该高振幅异常体为火成侵入岩, 并将其进一步归类为岩盖, 揭示了中新世以后南海北部洋陆转换带北部曾发生过多期次的岩浆活动。     

面状群(组)目标空间方向关系的形式化描述与计算

通过对各种空间方向关系形式化描述模型进行分析阐述,针对面状群(组)目标间方向关系的特点,本文提出了利用方向Voronoi图模型来计算面状群(组)目标之间的空间方向关系.该模型通过计算获得各个主方向上Voronoi边的长度值与方向Voronoi边法线总长度值的百分比,得到群(组)目标之间方向关系的定量表达;借助矩阵形式化描述获得源目标群相对于参考目标群方向关系的定性描述.实验表明,该模型方案具有可行性,能够对面状群(组)目标间的方向关系进行精确的描述.     

Explosive erosion during the Phoenix landing exposes subsurface water on Mars

While steady thruster jets caused only modest surface erosion during previous spacecraft landings on the Moon and Mars, the pulsed jets from the Phoenix spacecraft led to extensive alteration of its landing site on the martian arctic, exposed a large fraction of the subsurface water ice under the lander, and led to the discovery of evidence for liquid saline water on Mars. Here we report the discovery of the ‘explosive erosion’ process that led to this extensive erosion. We show that the impingement of supersonic pulsed jets fluidizes porous soils and forms cyclic shock waves which propagate through the soil and produce erosion rates more than an order of magnitude larger than that of other jet-induced processes. The understanding of ‘explosive erosion’ allows the calculation of bulk physical properties of the soils altered by it, provides insight into a new behavior of granular flow at extreme conditions and explains the rapid alteration of the Phoenix landing site’s ground morphology at the northern arctic plains of Mars.     

笠贝(Lottia goshimai)早期发育过程的扫描电镜观察

软体动物的早期发育研究对于理解其发育及演化机制有重要意义。利用扫描电子显微镜对笠贝（Lottia goshimai）的早期发育过程进行研究,结果表明,笠贝早期发育过程十分迅速,受精后9 h左右即形成担轮幼虫,在24 h内发育为典型的面盘幼虫。扫描电镜下,可以观察到原肠作用中很有特色的外包式的细胞运动过程,并清晰地观察到前担轮环、贝壳形成区以及足原基的渐次发育。总体而言,笠贝的早期发育过程既体现了等裂型软体动物发育的典型过程（如外包式原肠作用）,又展现出腹足纲动物的种系特异性特点（如贝壳的生长方向）。研究结果可以为深入解析笠贝早期发育机制提供基础支持。     

大别山北麓钼矿床地质特征和地球动力学背景

大别造山带北麓新发现有大、中型钼矿床(点)十余个,是继东秦岭和东北钼矿带后又一重要钼金属矿集区.本文总结了大别山北麓钼矿床的地质特征,包括时空分布、成因类型等.大别山地区的钼矿床多沿NW向区域性断裂构造带发育,集中于晓天-磨子潭断裂以北;矿床产出受NW向与NE向断裂交汇部位控制,对赋矿围岩无选择性.钼矿化与燕山期高钾花岗质斑岩体密切相关,矿体产于岩体内部和/或接触带围岩中.矿化类型以斑岩型为主,次为矽卡岩型、热液脉型及爆破角砾岩型.成矿过程普遍具有四阶段性,成矿流体以高温、高盐度、富CO2为普遍特征.辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄集中于110～ 130Ma,且从西向东变新;钼矿床和相关花岗岩类侵入体形成于岩石圈碰撞缩短加厚之后的伸展减薄地球动力学背景.     

Sequencing and expression analysis of CD3γ/δ and CD3εchains in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi

The genomic and cDNA sequences of the CD3γ/δ and CD3ε homologues in the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, were determined. As in other vertebrate CD3 molecules, the deduced amino acid sequences of mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε contained conserved residues and motifs, such as cysteine residues and CXXC and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. However, mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε showed some differences to their mammalian counterparts, specifically the absence of a negatively charged residue in the transmembrane region of CD3γ/δ. Additionally, while an N-glycosylation site was present in CD3ε, the site was not observed in CD3γ/δ. The CD3γ/δ and CD3ε subunit sequences contain six and five exons, respectively, consistent with homologues from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε in mandarin fish are closely related to their counterparts in Acanthopterygian fish. Real-time PCR showed CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were expressed mainly in the thymus and spleen in normal healthy fish and, to a lesser extent, in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the intestine and gills. When lymphocytes isolated from head kidney were treated with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin, and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, mRNA expression levels of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were significantly elevated within 12 h of treatment. This indicated the presence of T lymphocytes in the head kidney of teleost fish, and also the recognition of mitogens by the lymphocytes. Mandarin fish infected with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare also showed an increase in the expression of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε mRNA, indicating that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε lymphocytes are involved in the immune response of this species.     

南沙海区沉积盆地油气资源评价及重点勘探地区

我国南沙海域分布有曾母、万安、南沙海槽、礼乐等众多盆地。这些新生代沉积盆地构造类型多、面积大,新生界巨厚,邻近陆坡的大陆架十分宽广,塑造了多个三角洲,是重要的含油气资源区。盆地的主要烃源岩为渐新世—中中新世湖相泥岩以及下海岸平原沉积。储层发育有砂岩、灰岩(礁灰岩)、基岩等。区域性盖层为上新统—第四系广海相泥质岩。南沙海域含油气构造,具有规模大,隆起幅度高,类型多,成群成带分布等特点。应用波阻抗、烃类检测或模式识别等处理技术,通过盆地模拟技术和沉积岩体积法对南沙海域进行了油气资源评价,其总资源量为581.0047×108t,属于我传统海疆线内达372.0704×108t。文中最后指出曾母盆地的西、北部,万安盆地的南部和南沙海槽盆地的北部是近期重点勘探地区。