中国海相碳酸盐岩油气储层基本特征

中国在碳酸盐岩油气勘探中相继发现了陕中气田、轮南—塔河油田、塔中油气田、川东北大气区等大型油气田。这些发现揭示了非均质性强的碳酸盐岩储层,主要有4种类型:台缘生物礁(滩)、岩溶风化壳、白云岩和台内颗粒滩四大类储层。中国的台缘礁滩储层主要有两类,一类是面积小的孤立状的塔礁(川东和川东北),另一类是连片分布似层状的台缘礁滩复合体。岩溶风化壳储层依岩溶成熟度和构造型式有三种,即克拉通内岩溶老年期的低幅度地貌层状白云岩储层,岩溶壮年期的高幅度地貌非均质裂缝-洞穴单元储层,以及断块掀斜翘倾的岩溶青年期独立岩溶储层。有油气前景的白云岩储层主要为三类:与蒸发台地相关的准同生白云岩,埋藏成岩作用白云岩和生物成因白云岩。台内颗粒滩主要有两类:即白云石化颗粒滩和裂缝性颗粒滩储层。中国的碳酸盐岩分布广,达300km2,四大类储层发育良好,除已发现油气的四大盆地外,相信不久的将来在中国南方和羌塘地区古特提斯域碳酸盐岩沉积区将取得大的突破。     

热带东印度洋春季浮游植物群落结构空间特征分析

基于2013年3月至5月采集的热带东印度洋海域(10.0°S～4.0°N, 83.0°～97.5°E)浮游植物水样样品,分析了其种类组成、优势类群、细胞丰度等群落特征参数,综合比较了水平和垂向上浮游植物种类及丰度的差异性,初步探讨了其成因。结果表明:2013年春季热带东印度洋微型浮游植物共鉴定出306种,主要由硅藻、甲藻、金藻、蓝藻、裸藻和隐藻六大门类组成,其优势类群主要以粒径较小的隐藻、微型甲藻、菱形藻、环沟藻等为主。水平分布上,各水层浮游植物细胞丰度分布趋势相似,但斑块特征明显,其高值区位于88°E断面赤道以南次表层水域(30 m、75 m),局部区域细胞丰度值可达104 cells/L以上;与其毗邻的东南部、东部水域为低值区,并向赤道延伸。垂直剖面上,硅藻和甲藻广泛分布在各取样深度,但分布特征有明显的空间差异和规律,0 m、30 m大部分站位硅藻种类比例在0.2～0.3甚至更低,甲藻在0.7～0.8,随着水层加深(75 m、100 m、150 m、300 m),硅藻种类占比上升到0.5～0.6,甲藻降低到0.4～0.5,无论硅藻还是甲藻种类数75 m层最丰富。30 m和75 m水...     

Implications of seasonal priming and reproductive activity on the interpretation of Comet assay data derived from the clam, Tapes semidecussatus Reeves 1864, exposed to contaminated sediments

We explore the use of the clam Tapes semidecussatus Reeves 1864 as an indicator for the presence of potentially genotoxic substances in estuarine sediments. The limitations associated with the interpretation of Comet assay data (expressed as % DNA in tail) in terms of clam reproductive state, size (age) and thermal exposure history following laboratory acclimation are discussed. Hatchery-reared clams, subjected to ambient temperature fluctuations during growth, were exposed in vivo under laboratory conditions for three weeks to sediment samples collected from a polluted site and a "clean" reference site. The DNA damage observed in haemocytes, gill and digestive gland cells was significantly higher in animals exposed to contaminated sediment compared to those exposed to sediment from the reference site. The extent of DNA damage recorded was not correlated with size (age). Spawning was not observed during the experiment. Nevertheless, clams with well-developed gonads showed a statistically higher degree of DNA damage in gill and digestive gland cells- but not haemocytes, demonstrating an increased sensitivity to potential genotoxic compounds, possibly caused by impaired DNA repair capacity due to reproductive activity. Furthermore, the degree of DNA damage in clams exposed to contaminated sediments was higher in autumn and winter compared to spring and summer, suggesting an effect of seasonal priming.     

Selenium-induced teratogenicity in Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus)

Selenium is a potent reproductive and teratogenic environmental contaminant and there are concerns over possible reproductive effects of selenium on the Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) population, a threatened species, in California, USA. In this study, the teratogenic effects of selenium were examined in splittail embryos exposed to 0.0, 5.0, and 15.0 mg l(-1) sodium selenite for 48-h at 18.0 degrees C under static conditions, with renewal every 12 h. Embryo development was evaluated daily for abnormalities from initiation of exposure (stage 27) to initiation of exogenous feeding. At the end of evaluation, prelarvae were preserved for histological analysis. There were no significant differences in mortality or hatching success between control and exposed embryos. Exposed fish had pericardial edema and deformities of skeletal tissues (loss of tail, lordosis, scoliosis, and kyphosis). Other histological alterations were limited to dysplasia, hyperplasia and metaplasia of skeletal tissues in the deformed fish. This study showed that a short exposure of embryos during somite development has significant effects on the musculoskeletal development.     

缺氧是引起中—早寒武世（波托米阶）灭绝事件的原因

缺氧是引起中—早寒武世（波托米阶）灭绝事件的原因新的和修订的早寒武世生物地层资料提供了生物密度和灭绝速率变化的定量分析。现在中—早寒武世灭绝事件可以被分解为两个明显的事件：著名的早期ＴｏｙｏｎｉａｎＨａｗｋｅ湾海退事件和新观察到的、但在波托米阶早期已...     

Recovery of polluted ecosystems: the case for long-term studies

Recovery of marine ecosystems from pollution has tended to receive less attention than the study of new or continuing impacts, but such studies are important in charting recovery from acute incidents and following legislation to deal with chronic contamination. Recovery is inevitably a long-term process, and where such studies have been made they are often too short-lived. Interest quickly wanes following an acute incident and governmental bodies rapidly switch to new legislative priorities for chronic inputs. We review three case studies: recovery of dogwhelk populations after local extinction by tributyl tin leachates from anti-fouling paints; recovery of rocky shore communities from oil spills; and recovery of estuarine ecosystems from industrial and urban development. We then make some generalisations about recovery processes before making a plea for long-term studies of polluted areas.     

墨西哥湾深水生产油田与巴西近海的对比

在大陆坡深水中已发现了大量油气聚集 ,这提高了深水区进行油气工业发展的兴趣 ,以至勘探公司在全世界范围内寻找着相似的油气远景区。现代２维和３维地震资料提供了巨大油田油气聚集的日益清晰的图象。对来自墨西哥深水晚上新世Ｄｉａｎａ油田和早上新世—晚中新世Ｍａｒｓ油田的地震资料进行了解释 ,并与巴西东海岸外Ｃａｍ ｐｏｓ盆地在深水浊积岩油田上的地震资料进行了对比。该对比显示了以下相似性和不同 :①油气圈闭类型 ;②储层的地震响应 ;③生、储、盖特征 ;④运移通道性质。根据最新获得的地震资料 ,深水生产油田间的这种形式的…     

预测1996年石油价格保持平稳

预测１９９６年石油价格保持平稳爱丁堡石油工业分析家ＷｏｏｄＭａｃｋｅｎｚｉｅ预言，１９９６年平均布伦特石油价格将保持在平均１７美元每桶，并且在未来时期内一直保持平稳．ｗＯＯｄＭａｃｋｅｎｚｉｅ的１９９５年石油价格平均问美元每桶的预言基本上是正确的．该...     

双地震带的下层地震是由俯冲洋幔的蛇纹石脱水作用造成的吗?

当深度大于５０ｋｍ时 ,高压和高温将抑制脆裂作用的进行 ,然而俯冲带的地震却能在深达６７０ｋｍ处发生。越来越多的证据表明是变质反应触发了这些深部地震的发生。深源地震（＞３００ｋｍ）可能是由与橄榄石转变成尖晶石的亚稳态反应相关的断裂活动引起的 ,中源地震（５０～３００ｋｍ）可能是由俯冲洋壳中与变玄武岩和变辉长岩转变成榴辉岩相关的脱水脆化作用引起的 ,或由俯冲地幔表层中的蛇纹石脱水而引起。即使在俯冲带较浅的范围（＜５０ｋｍ） ,变质反应可能也控制着大的板内地震的震源深度。本文认为蛇纹石脱水作用引发了发生在俯冲…