两种典型农村生活垃圾处理处置模式的生命周期评价

为评价国内现有农村生活垃圾处理处置模式的环境影响并为其改进和发展提供决策依据,以山东农村地区两种典型的生活垃圾处理处置模式——集中转运处置模式(模式1)和分类就地处理模式(模式2)为评价对象,从垃圾收集运输到最终处理处置进行生命周期评价。结果表明,模式2的环境影响总负荷较模式1降低36.55%,其中最终处理处置环节影响最大,运输过程影响小。对模式1的改进建议是,增加填埋场排放的CH_4的回收利用,减少对全球变暖的影响。对模式2的改进建议是收集堆肥渗滤液及控制H_2S等恶臭气体的释放,减少富营养化影响和恶臭气体对周围居民人体健康影响。     

印度西海岸卡奇湾外大陆架上的鲕粒和球状粒—推测古海平面振荡

６０ｍ水深附近的灰色鲕粒（０．０５－０．１２５ｍｍ粒级＊）,１１０ｍ水深附近的白色鲕粒（０．１２５－０．０６２５ｍｍ粒级）和９０ｍ水深附近内的浅太粒（０．１２５－０．０６２５ｍｍ粒级）均产片卡奇湾外的大陆架上。在横切面上,观察到灰色鲕粒有有５个不同心生长环,白色鲕粒有３个同心生长环。     

盐胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌和生物炭调节黑麦草碳氮代谢的路径

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和生物炭能够促进盐渍化土壤中的植物生长,但是对植物碳氮代谢的影响路径还不清晰,且缺乏对该路径的量化。本文通过水培实验,探究了不同盐胁迫(NaCl浓度0、10、20)下AMF和生物炭对黑麦草碳氮代谢关键酶和中间产物的调节作用。结果表明,AMF、生物炭分别显著提高了10‰盐胁迫下植物的株高(31.8%、19.6%)和鲜重(59.9%、21.6%),且两者联合具有协同作用;对20‰盐胁迫下的促生效果不明显。10‰盐胁迫下,AMF接种增强了植物碳代谢酶活性,蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶活性分别提高了33.9%和37.3%,积累可溶性糖含量达36.9%;生物炭添加使蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶活性分别提高了44.4%和48.3%,谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶(氮代谢酶)活性分别提高了36.9%和31.2%,积累可溶性蛋白含量达59.8%。使用偏最小二乘路径分析(PLS-PM)揭示并量化了AMF和生物炭调节植物碳氮代谢的不同路径：AMF主要调节植物的碳代谢,直接上调碳代谢关键酶的活性来影响碳代谢产物的积累;生物炭不仅调控碳代谢过程,还显著影响氮代谢,通过提高氮代谢关键酶活性,促进...     

Assessing the suitability of OSPAR EcoQOs for eutrophication vs ICES criteria for England and Wales

This paper provides a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of OSPAR Ecological Quality objectives for eutrophication for coastal and offshore waters of England and Wales on the basis of ICES criteria. In principle, EcoQOs are easy to understand, but responses to nutrient enrichment are complex. Few studies provide unequivocal evidence of links between inputs and response. Monitoring is generally feasible and in place, but needs to be improved. The best EcoQO is winter nutrient concentrations. Chlorophyll concentrations are a good indicator in environments susceptible to nutrient enrichment. The EcoQO for zoobenthos/fish kills potentially meets all criteria for a good indicator; EcoQOs for phytoplankton indicator species, oxygen concentrations and zoobenthos changes do not. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on seasonal effects of nutrient inputs and phytoplankton response, natural susceptibility of different water bodies, differences between coastal and offshore environments, and developing longer time series of data.     

Measurement of Charge Exchange and X-Ray Emission Cross Sections for Solar Wind-Comet Interactions

X-ray emission from a comet was observed for the first time in 1996. One of the mechanisms believed to be contributing to this surprisingly strong emission is the interaction of highly charged solar wind ions with cometary gases. Reported herein are total absolute charge-exchange and normalized line-emission (X-ray) cross sections for collisions of high-charge state (+3 to +10) C, N, O, and Ne ions with the cometary species H2O and CO2. It is found that in several cases the double charge-exchange cross sections can be large, and in the case of C3+ they are equal to those for single charge exchange. Present results are compared to cross section values used in recent comet models. The importance of applying accurate cross sections, including double charge exchange, to obtain absolute line-emission intensities is emphasized.     

欧洲东北部俄罗斯的气体水合物潜力

估计乌拉尔山以西 ,欧洲东北部的俄罗斯的水合物中含天然气１００×１０９ｍ３（３．５ＴＣＦ）。从Ｋｏｍｉ共和国Ｖｉｒｋｕｔａ市附近的Ｋｏｓｙｕ -Ｒｏｇｏｖ凹陷和Ｋｏｒａｔａｉｋａ凹陷北部约５０口井中获得的岩心资料表明 ,在永久冻土带下有一厚度达１５０～４００ｍ的气体水合物带。上覆的永冻带厚度通常不超过３００ｍ。这些水合物的形成通常与更新世—现今的气候和地质条件有关。气体水合物带的现今温度为１～２℃ ,我们推断来自泥盆系—二叠系岩石中的含油气流体沿断层和裂缝运移、最终圈闭在永冻层下。我们估计含气体水合物的…     

天然气水合物:21世纪的资源?

估计世界上水合物聚集体中的气体含量大大超过了已知常规气储量体积 ,但是气体水合物在世界能源需求中起什么作用将最终取决于充足气体水合物资源的利用率和开发它们的费用。然而 ,关于世界气体水合物资源仍存在着大量的不确定性和反对意见。气体水合物存在于永冻区和外部大陆边缘海底温压条件下的沉积物矿床中。综合北极区气体水合物研究资料 ,表明永冻区气体水合物可能存在于地下深度约１３０～２０００ｍ范围内。气体水合物在近海大陆边缘的存在主要由异常地震反射即似海底反射层（ＢＳＲ）来指示 ,ＢＳＲ在海底深１００～１１００ｍ处。…