越南油气动态

越南油气动态１、越南国家石油公司正在开发可利用的Ｅ＆Ｐ空间，以使外国公司在越南近海的１６区块（白虎油田）和０９区块（龙油田）投标．被开发的４个单元在九龙盆地，除白虎和龙油田之外，还有Ｍｉｔｓｕｂｉｓｈｉ的Ａｕｒｏｒａ油田和ＰｅｔｒｏｎａｓＲｕｂｙＢｒ...     

国际海洋地学重大合作计划简介

本文简要介绍了目前正在进行与海洋地学有关的国际重合计划。     

地中海海脊泥角砾岩的无机地球化学特征

地中海海脊泥角砾岩的无机地球化学特征ＳｉｍｏｎＪ．Ｗａｋｅｆｉｅｌｄ等地中海海脊是由非洲板块俯冲到爱琴海底部而形成的加积楔体系（Ｒｙａｎ等，１９８２）．最近，在海脊顶部详细的海底调查结果发现了泥底辟区（火山），这些底辟带可能是沉积物质向上运动而形成的...     

Sublethal toxicity of orchard stormwater runoff in Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) larvae

The sublethal effects of stormwater runoff from sections of a plum orchard treated with esfenvalerate or diazinon were evaluated in 7-day-old Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) larvae. Fish were exposed to eight runoff samples using the USEPA standard static renewal method for 96 h acute toxicity testing, then transferred to clean water for three-month to assess the survival, growth, histopathological abnormalities, and heat stress proteins (hsp). No significant mortality was observed at 96 h in exposed fish. At one week, histopathological abnormalities included severe glycogen depletion, cytoplasmic protein droplets, vacuolar degeneration, and cell necroses in liver of all exposure groups. Pyknotic nerve cells were seen in brain of one exposure group. Significantly higher cumulative mortality, lower condition factor, and elevated hsp60 and hsp70 levels (p < 0.05) were occurred in several exposure groups. No histopathological abnormalities were observed after three months in any exposure group. This study confirms that standard acute toxicity tests have underestimated the toxicity of stormwater runoff, and although splittail larvae survived the 96 h exposure, they exhibited reduced survival and growth and showed signs of cellular stress even after a three month recovery period.     

挪威——格陵兰海晚第四纪有孔虫响应海冰消退的高分辨率记录

挪威—格陵兰海晚第四纪有孔虫响应海冰消退的高分辨率记录ＳｔｅｆａｎＮｅｅｓ等深海底栖有孔虫的丰度依赖于垂向和侧向有机质营养物的输入（Ｇｒａｆ等，１９９５）。现代研究表明，底栖有孔虫的丰度和生物量与垂向和侧向有机物通量有关（Ｌｏｕ－ｂｅｒｅ，１９９６）...     

Factors affecting the distribution of benthic macrofauna in estuaries contaminated by urban runoff

Contaminants derived from urban runoff have been shown to accumulate in estuarine sediments, reaching concentrations potentially capable of causing biological effects. Demonstration of effects, however, is difficult due to strong natural environmental gradients and the effects of past or present point-sources of contamination. We used multivariate methods to test two hypotheses relating to the effects of urban-derived contaminants on estuarine benthic communities. First, that patterns of distribution and abundance of benthic invertebrates in two urbanised estuaries would be different from those in two non-urbanised estuaries. Second, that the distributions of benthic invertebrates within and among the four estuaries would be related to those of urban-derived contaminants. Concentrations of contaminants were larger in estuaries with urbanised catchments and concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and DDT in some samples exceeded those at which biological effects may be expected to appear. Tests of differences in composition of benthic communities among estuaries showed that the two urban estuaries were not significantly different, but that they differed from both rural estuaries, which also differed from each other. Distributions of benthic invertebrates were significantly related to those of environmental variables, and were ordinated along axes that correlated with both natural environmental variables (nature of the sediment, position in estuary) and contaminants. Differences in faunas between the urban and non-urban estuaries were not, however, clear-cut and nor were relationships between faunal assemblages and environmental variables (including contaminants) consistent between two times of sampling.     

荻在滨海区重盐碱胁迫下的生理响应

滨海地区高盐碱导致生态环境脆弱,与其经济的高速发展极不相适应,故开展耐高盐碱的植物研究刻不容缓。本文采用pH值为8.0、9.0,NaCl盐度在0、5、10、15、20下的溶液对荻进行胁迫处理,通过各项生理响应指标的变化来研究其耐盐碱性。结果表明:随盐碱度增加,荻叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量呈增加趋势,增加幅度越大荻长势越差;荻体内渗透调节物质脯氨酸的增加趋势不明显,说明荻有耐盐碱性,而可溶性糖含量先降低后升高再降低,且在达峰值后下降明显,说明荻的耐盐碱能力有限;轻微盐碱刺激能促进荻光合色素含量和根系活力的升高,高盐碱抑制其升高。综合分析荻的各种生理表现,认为荻能耐受pH=8.0、盐度0~20和pH=9.0、盐度0~15的较宽盐碱范围,因此荻可作为修复滨海重盐碱地生态景观的备选植物。     

Assessing the impact of nutrient enrichment in estuaries: susceptibility to eutrophication

The main aim of this study was to develop a generic tool for assessing risks and impacts of nutrient enrichment in estuaries. A simple model was developed to predict the magnitude of primary production by phytoplankton in different estuaries from nutrient input (total available nitrogen and/or phosphorus) and to determine likely trophic status. In the model, primary production is strongly influenced by water residence times and relative light regimes. The model indicates that estuaries with low and moderate light levels are the least likely to show a biological response to nutrient inputs. Estuaries with a good light regime are likely to be sensitive to nutrient enrichment, and to show similar responses, mediated only by site-specific geomorphological features. Nixon's scale was used to describe the relative trophic status of estuaries, and to set nutrient and chlorophyll thresholds for assessing trophic status. Estuaries identified as being eutrophic may not show any signs of eutrophication. Additional attributes need to be considered to assess negative impacts. Here, likely detriment to the oxygen regime was considered, but is most applicable to areas of restricted exchange. Factors which limit phytoplankton growth under high nutrient conditions (water residence times and/or light availability) may favour the growth of other primary producers, such as macrophytes, which may have a negative impact on other biological communities. The assessment tool was developed for estuaries in England and Wales, based on a simple 3-category typology determined by geomorphology and relative light levels. Nixon's scale needs to be validated for estuaries in England and Wales, once more data are available on light levels and primary production.     

汶川地震触发文家沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流成因机理分析

文家沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流位于映秀—北川断裂带与灌县—安县断裂带夹持的文家沟向斜断块中,地震断裂的强烈活动引起的振动效应是形成滑坡的先决条件。滑坡源区顶端与文家沟沟口高差约1360m,突兀山体下临深切峡谷的地形使地震动荷载在山脊部位的放大效应显著,并直接导致坡体破坏;滑坡源区的地震动加速度3分量峰值分别为aEW=2.4g,aNS=2.3g,aUP=1.2g。D2gn观雾山组石灰岩斜坡具有强度渐进式分层结构,坡体表层以下约50m内的结构相对松散的残坡积层～新鲜岩体上部无法抵抗地震纵横波的周期性拉压与剪切耦合作用,被切割成为初始滑体;滑体在第八级台地边缘高位剪出后,在文家沟上游地区最高滑移速度约介于93m.s-1～122m.s-1之间。滑体上部的干碎屑流在两处路径转折端瞬间压缩沟谷内的圈闭气体,形成明显的"气垫效应",滑体下部泥石流底层液化和颗粒有效动摩擦系数随剪切速度增大而减小的效应都是导致碎屑流体高速远程滑移的关键;同时,碎屑物流通过程中还伴有明显的岸坡铲刮与翻越效应、以及树木摧削效应。汶川地震后截至2009年9月,降雨诱发碎屑堆积物形成多次泥石流,反映了地震地质灾害的链生性和长期性。     

汶川地震地表破裂影响带调查与建筑场地避让宽度探讨

5.12汶川Ms8.0级地震沿龙门山中央断裂带形成长度约270km的地表破裂带,破裂带垂直和水平位移一般为1.0～5.0m,最大可达9.8m。在地表破裂带附近,建筑物破坏严重。笔者系统调查了龙门山中央断裂带地表破裂的垂直和水平位移以及地震地表破裂影响带宽度,并采用物探测试方法对部分影响带宽度进行了验证。统计结果表明,汶川地震地表破裂影响带宽度主要集中在16～60m,影响带宽度(D)与垂直位移(H)具有较好的线性关系,即D=10.11H+16.0。对于逆冲性质为主的地震地表破裂而言,上盘影响带宽度与下盘的比值一般为3:1～2:1,据此可确定地表破裂带上、下盘的避让带宽度。笔者根据现场调查并借鉴国外经验提出,上盘避让宽度下限一般不应低于15m,下盘避让宽度下限不应低于10m。本项研究对于汶川地震灾后重建场地选址具有重要的实际意义。