利用ASTER影像对慕士塔格-公格尔山冰川解译与目录编制

以帕米尔东缘的慕士塔格公格尔山为试验区,利用2001年ASTER遥感数据,综合空间锐化增强处理、比值图像取阀值和目视判读等提取冰川边界;利用ASTER的同轨立体像对提取DEM,区分表碛覆盖的冰川范围;自动、半自动和人工量算冰川的有关参数,进行冰川解译和新的冰川目录编制.与中国冰川编目数据对比分析,1962/1966-2001年间研究区冰川面积退缩了67.89km²,占总面积的(6.2±1.0)%.结果表明,运用高分辨率的ASTER遥感资料可快速、直观地实现基于GIS的冰川编目,方便地观测冰川的动态变化,从而节约冰川编目和观测冰川变化的时间和经费,在实践上具有很大的优势.     

Geochemistry and Geochronology of Saga Alkaline Basalt in Southern Tibet

<正>The Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone(YZSZ)to the west of Saga is divided into two sub-belts,namely the south subbelt and the north sub-belt.The Saga ophiolite is mainly composed of peridotites,gabbro,diabase and lava.In this paper,we report a suite of alkaline basalt to the south of the Saga ophiolite,which extends NWW along an outcrop     

被动桩水平位移荷载施加位置的探讨

被动桩是指一种由于土体水平位移而发生挠曲变形的桩。目前不论是室内试验还是数值计算,常在模型边界对土体施加水平位移荷载（位移边界条件）形成土体的位移场,用来研究被动桩的变形特征,但不同研究者采用的水平位移施加位置（边界位置）与被动桩的距离存在较大差异。结合一个工程案例,采用有限单元法对水平位移加载位置进行了单变量参数分析。研究表明,随着水平位移加载位置与被动桩距离的增加,桩身变形显著减小。这表明了施加位移边界后地基中存在明显的应力扩散。当该距离小于5.5倍桩径时,在模型边界施加同等大小的水平位移所需应力显著增加。同时讨论了水平荷载加载位置与被动桩距离的合理范围,认为应在5～8倍桩径范围之内。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段错不扎铬铁矿特征及形成环境

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带是国内铬铁矿床出露点最多,且铬铁矿石储量、产量最大的一个蛇绿岩带。根据空间展布规律,该岩带被划分为东段(曲水—墨脱)、中段(昂仁—仁布)和西段(萨嘎至中印边境)3部分。其中,西段自萨嘎以西分为南、北两支亚带。长期以来的研究工作主要集中在东段和中段,西段的研究程度非常薄弱,尤其是北亚带。不同区段研究程度的不平衡十分不利于雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带内铬铁矿找矿工作的开展。错不扎蛇绿岩体位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段的北亚带,呈北西-南东向带状产出,主要由方辉橄榄岩组成,并普遍发育基性岩脉。野外地质调查在该蛇绿岩体中发现了多个铬铁矿化点,矿化体呈透镜状产于方辉橄榄岩中,出露地表的长度为0.5～1m,厚为0.2～0.5 m,矿石均为致密块状。电子探针分析结果表明,错不扎铬铁矿属于高铬型铬铁矿,铬尖晶石的Cr#[=100×Cr/(Cr+Al)]为75～78,Mg#[=100×Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)]为66～69。计算结果表明,母岩浆的FeO/MgO比值为0.51～0.65,Al2O3和Ti O2含量分别为11.27%～12.1%和0.19%～0.4%,与玻安质岩浆的化学成分相当。然而,针状单斜辉石出溶体的发现指示错不扎铬铁矿可能还经历了一个深部作用过程。     

The Study of Deep Mineral Association in Chromitites of the Hegenshan Ophiolite, Inner Mongolia, China

<正>Previously reported in the Mesozonic Tibet and the early Paleozoic Polar Ural,Russia,diamond and other deep minerals are found in ophiolite mantle peridotite chromite that need to be reconsidered ophiolite and chromite traditional understanding of the causes of shallow.The ophiolitic chromitite can be divided two classes,the high-Cr chromitite and high-Al chromitite.     

没水倾斜板式防波堤消波性能分析

提出了一种将波浪中倾斜板问题等效化简为波浪中水平板单元组的方法,该方法建立在使用分离变量法求解水工结构边值问题的基础上,并使用伽辽金法精确求解连续边界条件,确定考虑衰减波态的速度势函数,从而求解没水倾斜板结构的消波性能。等效化简法计算精度于边界元法相当,且计算单元数量少、开销低。基于二维线性势波理论,对没水倾斜板式防波堤消波性能分析显示,没水板的倾斜角度、没水深度与板长是结构消波性能的控制因素:没水倾斜板防波堤的消波性能优于没水水平板防波堤的消波性能,随着没水板结构的倾斜角度增大,没水倾斜板结构的波浪透射系数显著减小,且长板优于短板,浅板优于深板;与前人的水槽实验对比显示,相对没水深度与波陡影响结构的消波性能,且波陡造成的波浪破碎贡献了显著的波能消耗。该结论对板式防波堤的结构配置、优化设计有重要意义。     

含沙量对草地坡面径流泥沙沉积和水力特性的影响

通过室内模拟试验,在坡度为3°和9°、流量为20和60L/min条件下研究了不同浓度(0～350kg/m3)含沙水流流经草地的泥沙沉积过程及其水力学特性。结果表明,坡面泥沙沉积量随含沙量的增加而增大,3°时泥沙沉积率与含沙量呈正相关,而9°时沉积率与含沙量呈反势。坡度对泥沙沉积影响显著,而在相同坡度条件下,两种流量试验的泥沙沉积量无明显差异。相同坡面坡上部位流速小于坡下部位,且含沙量对坡面流速影响较小。在相同坡度和流量条件下,水流雷诺数随含沙量的增大而减小。3°时水流阻力系数和曼宁糙率均随含沙量的增加而增大,而9°时含沙量对阻力影响不明显,因此在土壤侵蚀较严重地区进行坡面水文过程演算时需考虑含沙量对缓坡糙率的影响。     

Diamond in Oceanic Peridotites and Chromitites: Evidence for Deep Recycled Mantle in the Global Ophiolite Record

Diamonds have been discovered in mantle peridotites and chromitites of six ophiolitic massifs along the 1300 km‐long Yarlung‐Zangbo suture (Bai et al., 1993; Yang et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2015), and in the Dongqiao and Dingqing mantle peridotites of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture in the eastern Tethyan zone (Robinson et al., 2004; Xiong et al., 2018). Recently, in‐situ diamond, coesite and other UHP mineral have also been reported in the Nidar ophiolite of the western Yarlung‐Zangbo suture (Das et al., 2015, 2017). The above‐mentioned diamond‐bearing ophiolites represent remnants of the eastern Mesozoic Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. New publications show that diamonds also occur in chromitites in the Pozanti‐Karsanti ophiolite of Turkey, and in the Mirdita ophiolite of Albania in the western Tethyan zone (Lian et al., 2017; Xiong et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018). Similar diamonds and associated minerals have also reported from Paleozoic ophiolitic chromitites of Central Asian Orogenic Belt of China and the Ray‐Iz ophiolite in the Polar Urals, Russia (Yang et al., 2015a, b; Tian et al., 2015; Huang et al, 2015). Importantly, in‐situ diamonds have been recovered in chromitites of both the Luobusa ophiolite in Tbet and the Ray‐Iz ophiolite in Russia (Yang et al., 2014, 2015a). The extensive occurrences of such ultra‐high pressure (UHP) minerals in many ophiolites suggest formation by similar geological events in different oceans and orogenic belts of different ages. Compared to diamonds from kimberlites and UHP metamorphic belts, micro‐diamonds from ophiolites present a new occurrence of diamond that requires significantly different physical and chemical conditions of formation in Earth's mantle. The forms of chromite and qingsongites (BN) indicate that ophiolitic chromitite may form at depths of >150‐380 km or even deeper in the mantle (Yang et al., 2007; Dobrthinetskaya et al., 2009). The very light C isotope composition (δ13C ‐18 to ‐28‰) of these ophiolitic diamonds and their Mn‐bearing mineral inclusions, as well as coesite and clinopyroxene lamallae in chromite grains all indicate recycling of ancient continental or oceanic crustal materials into the deep mantle (>300 km) or down to the mantle transition zone via subduction (Yang et al., 2014, 2015a; Robinson et al., 2015; Moe et al., 2018). These new observations and new data strongly suggest that micro‐diamonds and their host podiform chromitite may have formed near the transition zone in the deep mantle, and that they were then transported upward into shallow mantle depths by convection processes. The in‐situ occurrence of micro‐diamonds has been well‐demonstrated by different groups of international researchers, along with other UHP minerals in podiform chromitites and ophiolitic peridotites clearly indicate their deep mantle origin and effectively address questions of possible contamination during sample processing and analytical work. The widespread occurrence of ophiolite‐hosted diamonds and associated UHP mineral groups suggests that they may be a common feature of in‐situ oceanic mantle. The fundamental scientific question to address here is how and where these micro‐diamonds and UHP minerals first crystallized, how they were incorporated into ophiolitic chromitites and peridotites and how they were preserved during transport to the surface. Thus, diamonds and UHP minerals in ophiolites have raised new scientific problems and opened a new window for geologists to study recycling from crust to deep mantle and back to the surface.     

Petrological and Os Isotopic Characteristics of Zedong Peridotites in the Eastern Yarlung–Zangbo Suture in Tibet

The Zedong ophiolites in the eastern Yarlung–Zangbo suture zone of Tibet represent a mantle slice of more than 45 km~2. This massif consists mainly of mantle peridotites, with lesser gabbros, diabases and volcanic rocks. The mantle peridotites are mostly harzburgite, lherzolite; a few dike-like bodies of dunite are also present. Mineral structures show that the peridotites experienced plastic deformation and partial melting. Olivine(Fo89.7–91.2), orthopyroxene(En_(88–92)), clinopyroxene(En_(45–49) Wo_(47–51) Fs_(2–4)) and spinel [Mg~#=100×Mg/(Mg+Fe)]=49.1–70.7; Cr~#=(100×Cr/(Cr+Al)=18.8–76.5] are the major minerals. The degree of partial melting of mantle peridotites is 10%–40%, indicating that the Zedong mantle peridotites may experience a multi–stage process. The peridotites are characterized by depleted major element compositions and low REE content(0.08–0.62 ppm). Their "spoon–shaped" primitive–mantle normalized REE patterns with(La/Sm)_N being 0.50–6.00 indicate that the Zedong ultramafic rocks belong to depleted residual mantle rocks. The PGE content of Zedong peridotites(18.19–50.74 ppb) is similar with primary mantle with Pd/Ir being 0.54–0.60 and Pt/Pd being 1.09–1.66. The Zedong peridotites have variable, unradiogenic Os isotopic compositions with ~(187)Os/~(188)Os=0.1228 to 0.1282. A corollary to this interpretation is that the convecting upper mantle is heterogeneous in Os isotopes. All data of the Zedong peridotites suggest that they formed originally at a mid-ocean ridge(MOR) and were later modified in supra–subduction zone(SSZ) environment.     

Diamond Discovered in Dangqiong Ophiolite, Western Yarlung-Zangbu Suture Zone, Tibet

<正>The first diamonds from ophiolite were found in peridotite of Luobusa ophiolite along Yarlung Zangbu suture zone in Tibet,China(IGCAGS,1981),and then more and more diamonds found in harzgurgite(Bai et al.,1993;Yang et al.,2007a;Robinson et al.,2014;Xu et al.,