全球大气位温的两个不等价约束及其服从Gamma分布的证明

本文对全球大气位温积分守恒和热力学总熵守恒的物理含义及其不等价性进行了讨论。认为，作为对大气热力学状态较完整的描述，应将大气热力学总熵守恒这一约束条件补入数值预报模式中去。利用最大熵原理和上述两个约束条件，在理论上对大气位温服从Gamma分布这一从实际资料中揭示出来的事实进行了证明，得到了理论与实际完全吻合的结果。     

岩石风化成土过程中元素均一化作用及机理:以大兴安岭北部火山岩区为例

对大兴安岭北部区域性中生代火山岩和残积土壤化学成分的研究结果表明,岩石风化成土过程中元素存在明显的均一化作用.元素含量高的岩石风化形成的土壤中元素含量相对降低,反之则相对增高,导致残积土壤中元素含量差异明显小于基岩.不同元素的均一化能力不同,在主元素中,Al2O3和SiO2的均一化能力相对较弱,微量元素的均一化能力普遍较强.元素的均一化能力受元素晶体化学性质、元素存在形式、矿物抗风化能力、气候、水动力条件及生物等因素影响.     

中国南方海相含油气保存单元的层次划分与综合评价

以最近十年中国南方的海相新区油气勘探评价成果为依托,以油气成藏和整体封闭保存体系评价为核心,在渝东—湘鄂西、中下扬子和滇黔桂三大区域划分出9个有利区块51个含油气保存单元,并将其归纳为四个层次。综合评价认为,方西和石柱保存单元具有较好的整体封存体系,属持续性含油气保存单元,为首选勘探目标;江汉盆地南部、句容一海安区块、南鄱阳坳陷、楚雄盆地东北部具备或基本具备整体封存条件,属于沉积重建型含油气保存单元,通过精细勘探可望获得商业性油气流;楚雄盆地西北部、南盘江坳陷、十万大山盆地和渝东—湘鄂西地区利川复向斜由于晚期强烈构造改造而仅存在部分封存体系,需要攻关探索;思茅、渝东—湘鄂西地区的花果坪和桑植—石门地区已失去整体封闭保存条件,仅局部存在封存体系,地质条件高度复杂,勘探风险甚高。     

铌（Ⅴ）的极谱催化波研究及其应用

在ＨＮＯ＿３·ＥＤＴＡ─ＦｅｚＯ＿３·Ｈ＿２ＳＯ＿４介质中，铌（Ⅴ）─氟化铵─酒石酸─偶氮胂（Ⅲ）体系形成灵敏的导数极谱催化波，峰电位在─０．８６Ｖ（ＶＳ·ＳＣＥ），Ｎｂ＿２Ｏ＿５量在０─２．５μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内与峰电位成线性关系，拟定了一个不经分离，适用于硅酸盐，碳酸盐及化探样品中微量铌的测定方法。     

Quantification of particle-induced inflammatory stress response: a novel approach for toxicity testing of earth materials

Background

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital regulators of many cellular functions in the body. The intracellular ROS concentration is highly regulated by a balance between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants. A chronic excess of pro-oxidants leads to elevated ROS concentrations and inflammation, possibly initiating or enhancing disease onset. Mineral-induced generation of ROS, the role of minerals in upregulating cellular ROS, and their role in the development of several occupational diseases are now widely recognized. However, there is no standard protocol to determine changes in ROS production in cells after exposure to mineral dust or earth materials in general. In this study, a new method for determining the degree of cellular toxicity (i.e., cytotoxicity) of particles is described that will help bridge the gap in knowledge.

Results

By measuring the production of ROS and the viability of cells, an inflammatory stress response (ISR) indicator is defined. This approach normalizes the ROS upregulation with respect to the number of viable cells at the time of measurement. We conducted experiments on a series of minerals and soils that represent materials that are inert (i.e., glass beads, anatase, and a soil with low trace element content), moderately reactive (i.e., soil with high trace element content), and highly reactive (i.e., pyrite). Inert materials generated the lowest ISR, averaging 350% compared to the control. Acid washed pyrite produced the highest ISR (1,100 fold higher than the control). The measurements conducted as a function of time showed a complex response. Most materials showed an increase in ISR with particle loading.

Conclusions

The amount of cellularly generated ROS and cell viability combined provide a better understanding of particle-induced oxidative stress. The results indicate that some earth materials may solicit an initial burst of ROS, followed by a second phase in which cell viability decreases and ROS production increases, leading to a high ISR value. Hence, measurements conducted over a range of particle loading combined with multiple data measurements up to 24 hours can provide new insights in the possible effect of exposure to earth materials on human health.     

Assessment and analysis of rockfall-caused tree injuries in a Turkish fir stand: A case study from Kastamonu-Turkey

Rockfalls can cause serious damage to people,property,facilities and transportation corridors.Furthermore,rockfalls are major hazards in mountain areas with negative impacts on individual trees and forested ecosystems.We conducted a study of rockfall events on 117 mapped(91% of total trees in the stand with1.3 m in height and5 cm diameter at breast height)Turkish fir trees(Abies bornmuelleriana Mattf.)in a stand within the Kayaarkasi-Topular Village,Inebolu district, Kastamonu province of Turkey.The study site of 0.35 Ha is located on the transition zone of frequently passing rockfall fragments(～40 cm in diameter) generally causing healable injuries.Parameters of trees and injuries were recorded and analysed as to injury number,height and size.Bivariate correlation analysis were used to investigate the relationships between:a)diameter at breast height and number of injuries per tree,b)diameter at breast height and total injury size,c)the number of injuries and total injury size and d)the number of injuries per tree and distance from the source of the rockfall area.Results indicate that the average height of injury,average number of injuries and average injury area to be 81.3 cm(STDEV:49.8),7.46(STDEV:4.4)and 628.6 cm2 (STDEV:678.2),respectively.In total 84% of all injuries were recorded within 160°sector at the upslope side of trees and callus tissue that had closed wounds was observed in 79.1% of all injuries. Furthermore 14.5% of injured trees had callus tissue in the process of closing wounds while 6.4% of injuries had not formed any callus tissue.The most common injury types were bark and wood injuries. Bivariate correlation analysis indicated strong relationships between diameter at breast height and the number of injuries(rs=0.524),injury number and total injury area(rs=0.653)and distance from rockfall area and injury numbers relations(rs=-0.518).A weaker relationship was found between diameter at breast height and total injury area(rs=0.363).These results indicate that bigger trees are more prone to rockfall injuries.As expected,trees further from the rockfall area seem to be less prone to rockfall injuries.From our results,it can be inferred that the protection of people and property can be increased through the maintanance of forest in areas immediately below areas prone to rockfall.This stand is still managed in selective forest management system.In order to protect the settlement at the deposition zone it has to manage for protective goals with uneven-aged and multilayered stand structure.     

麦垛山煤矿副立井井筒检查孔施工技术及涌水量预算

针对井简俭查孔施工中的技术难点,采取了钻前修建钻错底座,使用合理的钻具组合,强化套管作业过程,按照不同地层．选用不同的泥浆配方的技术措施,从而使井筒检查孔的质量达到了设计及规范的要求。根据抽水试验成果．运用稳定流的裘布农公式进行水文地质参数的计算,采用大井法进行井筒涌水量的预算。预算井筒涌水量为6454．96m^3／d．该成果与流量测井结果较为吻合,可以作为建井工程设计的依据。     

大兴安岭北部地区落叶松和白桦树稀土元素分布特征

大兴安岭北部的落叶松和白桦树对稀土元素Eu选择吸收性十分明显.Eu的生物吸收系数是其它稀土元素的20倍以上.落叶松和白桦树稀土元素均具有明显的铕正异常.落叶松和白桦树对二价金属元素Zn、Sr也具有强烈的摄取能力,而对一价和高价金属元素吸收能力较弱.土壤的稀土元素不是影响植物中稀土元素分布特征的重要因素.该区落叶松和白桦树稀土元素分布特征与水-土壤-植物系统的物理化学条件具有密切的关系.