Improving precipitation simulation from updated surface characteristics in South America

Land use and land cover maps and their physical-chemical and biological properties are important variables in the numerical modeling of Earth systems. In this context, the main objective of this study is to analyze the improvements resulting from the land use and land cover map update in numerical simulations performed using the Regional Climate Model system version 4 (RegCM4), as well as the seasonal variations of physical parameters used by the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). In general, the update of the South America 2007 land use and land cover map, used by the BATS, improved the simulation of precipitation by 10 %, increasing the mean temporal correlation coefficient, compared to observed data, from 0.84 to 0.92 (significant at p < 0.05, Student’s t test). Correspondingly, the simulations performed with adjustments in maximum fractional vegetation cover, in visible and shortwave infrared reflectance, and in the leaf area index, showed a good agreement for maximum and minimum temperature, with values closer to observed data. The changes in physical parameters and land use updating in BATS/RegCM4 reduced overestimation of simulated precipitation from 19 to 7 % (significant at p < 0.05, Student’s t test). Regarding evapotranspiration and precipitation, the most significant differences due to land use updating were located (1) in the Amazon deforestation arc; (2) around the Brazil-Bolivia border (in the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands); (3) in the Northeast region of Brazil; (4) in northwestern Paraguay; and (5) in the River Plate Basin, in Argentina. Moreover, the main precipitation differences between sensitivity and control experiments occurred during the rainy months in central-north South America (October to March). These were associated with a displacement in the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) positioning, presenting a spatial pattern of alternated areas with higher and lower precipitation rates. These important differences occur due to the replacement of tropical rainforest for pasture and agriculture and the replacement of agricultural areas for pasture, scrubland, and deciduous forest.

     

丹凤地区光石沟铀矿床大毛沟岩株锆石U-Pb同位素定年及其地质意义

丹凤地区是我国伟晶岩型铀矿床的重要产区,光石沟铀矿床是该区最大的铀矿床之一,大毛沟岩株与光石沟铀矿床有密切的空间关系与成因联系。本文采用锆石LA-ICP-MS定年方法测定了大毛沟岩株的U-Pb同位素年龄,获得了代表大毛沟岩株形成年龄的锆石谐和曲线加权平均值年龄为418.3±8.8 Ma,与光石沟铀矿床的成矿年龄相当,说明光石沟铀矿床的成矿作用在时间上与该岩株的形成时间相当。同时,残留锆石中1980.5±19.47 Ma年龄的发现,说明大毛沟岩株白岗质花岗岩的物源可能与中下地壳秦岭群有关;E颗粒内核465Ma的年龄则可能代表灰池子岩体片麻状二长花岗岩的形成年龄,表明大毛沟岩株与灰池子岩体的形成年龄之间存在约30 Ma的时差。     

不同热岛类型的划分方法适用性研究

不同的热岛类型划分方法会得出不同的热环境信息,主流的热岛划分方法主要包括等距法和中误差法两种。本文以咸阳市和兴平市热红外数据为数据源,在采用单窗算法获取研究区热环境信息的基础上,分别采用两种热岛类型划分方法获得了研究区域的热环境信息。研究结果表明:①两种不同划分方法均能有效反映研究样区存在较为明显的城市热岛效应;②等距方法获取的热空间格局中的强热岛区呈点状和小斑块状分布于城镇内部,而中误差方法获取的热空间格局中的强热岛区呈片状分布于城镇内部;③基于等距的划分体系适合于大中城镇构建热环境指标与评价体系;而基于中误差的划分体系更适合于市、县、镇、乡四级热环境指标及其评价体系的构建。     

南海湖沉积物中Hg的形态分布特征

以包头市南海湖为研究对象,采用连续化学提取法,系统开展了沉积物中Hg的形态分布研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中Hg含量的水平分布总体呈现湖心区低,西南和东北部湖区高的趋势。腐殖酸结合态为表层沉积物中Hg的主导形态,次为交换态和水溶态。表层沉积物中生物有效态Hg的含量甚高,占总汞的76%~94%,对整个生态系统具有潜在危害性。沉积柱芯中总Hg表现为表层富集并随深度增加而降低的变化趋势。B、F站位柱状沉积物中腐殖酸结合态Hg随深度有规律的递减,H站位20 cm以上Hg的主导形态为腐殖酸结合态,残渣态次之;20～30 cm的主导形态则为残渣态及可交换态。     

倾斜仪壁龛含水量变化与仪器漂移量的关系

实验证明水平摆工作室加入吸湿剂后观测曲线发生较大漂移。根据水平摆工作原理及岩石含水量变化使其表面发生的变化,揭示岩石含水量变化对仪器漂移的影响。通常岩石中的水以两种方式赋存,结合水和自由水。它们对岩石力学性质的影响主要体现在：连结作用、润滑作用、水楔作用、孔隙压力作用、溶蚀及潜蚀作用等。空隙中液体的压力对岩石的力学性质有很大影响,因而导致岩石变形。由于水对岩石中的作用力产生的重要影响,而当力达到一定程度必将引起岩石的变形。     

近20 a呼和浩特市城市化对植被物候的影响

了解植被物候与城市化之间的关系对于认识人类活动对生态系统的影响至关重要。基于呼和浩特市近20 a MODIS的两种植被指数数据,利用动态阈值法提取了植被物候,结合城市化指标,研究了2001—2020年呼和浩特市植被物候对城市化的响应。研究表明：森林和灌木地返青期（Start of growing season,SOS）发生较早（平均值第132 d）,但其枯黄期（End of growing season,EOS）也较早（第265 d）。SOS较晚的是耕地（第168 d）,EOS较晚的是草地（第275 d）,表明研究区木本植物SOS和EOS均早于草本植物。人造地表植被物候年际变化较大,在SOS和EOS的物候变化率分别为每10 a提前4.1 d和推迟0.7 d。此外,以人造地表比率和城乡梯度信息（即从城市核心到周边农村地区的同心环）为城市化指标,探讨了呼和浩特市中心城区植被物候对城市化的响应。研究发现SOS随人造地表比率上升而提前,EOS则出现相反的趋势。从城乡梯度上看,在特定范围内,远离城市中心SOS波动上升,即距城市中心越远植被SOS越晚,而EOS逐渐下降,即距城市中心越远植被EOS越早。总之,不同的城市化指标显示了植被物候对城市化的非线性响应。