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191.
In July 2000, a transatlantic hydrographic section was made on board the Russian R/V Akademik Ioffe in the northern equatorial region at ~6.5° N on the WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) A06 line. A significant warming in the layers of intermediate and deep waters in the interior eastern basin is determined from comparison of the section temperature data and those obtained on the WOCE A06 line in 1993. This result, together with the results of the previous studies, indicates a substantial warming of intermediate and upper deep waters above 2800–3000 m in the eastern equatorial North Atlantic during the second half of the 20th century. In the 1000–2000 m layer, temperature has increased by 0.13–0.14°C since 1957. 相似文献
192.
Morgane Lejart Jacques Clavier Laurent Chauvaud Christian Hily 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(2):622-632
Respiration and calcification rates of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were measured in a laboratory experiment in the air and underwater, accounting for seasonal variations and individual size,
to estimate the effects of this exotic species on annual carbon budgets in the Bay of Brest, France. Respiration and calcification
rates changed significantly with season and size. Mean underwater respiration rates, deducted from changes in dissolved inorganic
carbon (DIC), were 11.4 μmol DIC g−1 ash-free dry weight (AFDW) h−1 (standard deviation (SD), 4.6) and 32.3 μmol DIC g−1 AFDW h−1 (SD 4.1) for adults (80–110 mm shell length) and juveniles (30–60 mm), respectively. The mean daily contribution of C. gigas underwater respiration (with 14 h per day of immersion on average) to DIC averaged over the Bay of Brest population was 7.0 mmol DIC m−2 day−1 (SD 8.1). Mean aerial CO2 respiration rate, estimated using an infrared gas analyzer, was 0.7 μmol CO2 g−1 AFDW h−1 (SD 0.1) for adults and 1.1 μmol CO2 g−1 AFDW h−1 (SD 0.2) for juveniles, corresponding to a mean daily contribution of 0.4 mmol CO2 m−2 day−1 (SD 0.50) averaged over the Bay of Brest population (with 10 h per day of emersion on average). Mean CaCO3 uptake rates for adults and juveniles were 4.5 μmol CaCO3 g−1 AFDW h−1 (SD 1.7) and 46.9 μmol CaCO3 g−1 AFDW h−1 (SD 29.2), respectively. The mean daily contribution of net calcification in the Bay of Brest C. gigas population to CO2 fluxes during immersion was estimated to be 2.5 mmol CO2 m−2 day−1 (SD 2.9). Total carbon release by this C. gigas population was 39 g C m−2 year−1 and reached 334 g C m−2 year−1 for densely colonized areas with relative contributions by underwater respiration, net calcification, and aerial respiration
of 71%, 25%, and 4%, respectively. These observations emphasize the substantial influence of this invasive species on the
carbon cycle, including biogenic carbonate production, in coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
193.
Graça Cabeçadas M. José Brogueira M. Gelena Cavaco Célia Gonçalves 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(2):201-210
Although the circulation of intermediate water masses in the eastern North Atlantic remains poorly defined, the presence of
fresher intermediate waters, the Sub-Artic (SAIW) and the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), as well the saline intermediate
Mediterranean Water (MW), has been tracked using biogeochemical properties. Here we assess the hydrographic and chemical structures
of intermediate waters along the western Portuguese margin by examining the vertical distributions and property-property plots
of chemical tracers (oxygen and nutrients). AAIW was traced by low oxygen and high nutrients, while SAIW was recognized by
low nutrients. The Mediterranean Water (MW) undercurrent is shown to spread towards the eastern flank of Gorringe bank. Concurrently,
the fresher waters gained salt by direct incorporation of MW, while this water was enriched in nutrients on its way northward
and westward owing, to a great extent, to the entrainment of an AAIW branch. The distributions of nutrients and apparent oxygen
utilization are discussed in terms of regional ocean circulation. Our analysis suggests a circulation pattern of the various
intermediate waters along the western Portuguese margin: MW extends all over the area, but its presence is more pronounced
around cape St. Vincent; SAIW apparently moves southward, reaching the Gorringe bank region, and AAIW flows northward along
the coast and around the bank. 相似文献
194.
Subsidence of organic soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta threatens sustainability of the California (USA) water supply system and agriculture. Land-surface elevation data were collected to assess present-day subsidence rates and evaluate rice as a land use for subsidence mitigation. To depict Delta-wide present-day rates of subsidence, the previously developed SUBCALC model was refined and calibrated using recent data for CO2 emissions and land-surface elevation changes measured at extensometers. Land-surface elevation change data were evaluated relative to indirect estimates of subsidence and accretion using carbon and nitrogen flux data for rice cultivation. Extensometer and leveling data demonstrate seasonal variations in land-surface elevations associated with groundwater-level fluctuations and inelastic subsidence rates of 0.5–0.8 cm yr–1. Calibration of the SUBCALC model indicated accuracy of ±0.10 cm yr–1 where depth to groundwater, soil organic matter content and temperature are known. Regional estimates of subsidence range from <0.3 to >1.8 cm yr–1. The primary uncertainty is the distribution of soil organic matter content which results in spatial averaging in the mapping of subsidence rates. Analysis of leveling and extensometer data in rice fields resulted in an estimated accretion rate of 0.02–0.8 cm yr–1. These values generally agreed with indirect estimates based on carbon fluxes and nitrogen mineralization, thus preliminarily demonstrating that rice will stop or greatly reduce subsidence. Areas below elevations of –2 m are candidate areas for implementation of mitigation measures such as rice because there is active subsidence occurring at rates greater than 0.4 cm yr–1. 相似文献
195.
William S. Wise 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,23(1):53-64
The basaltic lavas erupted throughout the Mojave Desert are basanites (SiO2<46%, normative nepheline>5%, and K2O>1.5%), alkali-olivine basalts (SiO2=46–48%; ne=0–5%; and K2O=1.0–1.5%), and low-alumina, sub-alkaline basalts (SiO2=48–51%; ne=0; K2O<1.0%). One volcano, Pisgah Crater, erupted five times, with lava from each successive phase containing more silica and less potash than the one proceeding it. This compositional trend is the reverse of that expected from differentiation of a single alkalic magma, and therefore, may represent a succession of magmas tapped from a zone of continuing partial melting in the mantle.These lava compositions suggest that first melting was under high water pressure and was followed by relatively dry partial melting of gamet-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-olivine assemblages. The successive increase in silica and alkali decrease also requires that the partial melting zone move to shallower levels.All lavas sampled in the Mojave Desert area have compositions that can best be explained by the extraction of magma from such a rising melting zone, analogous to the mantle diapirs suggested by Green and Ringwood. 相似文献
196.
Robert Chapman Robert S. Priddey Nial R. Tanvir 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,395(3):1515-1522
There is increasing evidence of a local population of short duration gamma-ray bursts (sGRB), but it remains to be seen whether this is a separate population to higher redshift bursts. Here we choose plausible luminosity functions (LFs) for both neutron star binary mergers and giant flares from soft gamma repeaters (SGR), and combined with theoretical and observed Galactic intrinsic rates we examine whether a single progenitor model can reproduce both the overall Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) sGRB number counts and a local population, or whether a dual progenitor population is required. Though there are large uncertainties in the intrinsic rates, we find that at least a bimodal LF consisting of lower and higher luminosity populations is required to reproduce both the overall BATSE sGRB number counts and a local burst distribution. Furthermore, the best-fitting parameters of the lower luminosity population agree well with the known properties of SGR giant flares, and the predicted numbers are sufficient to account for previous estimates of the local sGRB population. 相似文献
197.
陕西黄土高原人工林土壤干层及形成原因 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1 Introduction Abroad, a lot of research on soil water removal, seeping and evaporation has been done (Ole, 1998; Rapp, 2000). A seeping model of soil water was suggested (Yuin, 1998) and it was known that water removal is very slow in the unsaturated zon… 相似文献
198.
Kieran P. Donaghy 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2011,13(1):17-30
In the literatures of regional science, urban economics, and urban development planning, a working assumption is that individuals
respond to incentives and regulations, given their preferences. Models for planning and policy analyses are used to consider
what might occur if the incentives or regulations were different. In these models, however, preferences are usually assumed
to be given and stable, and agents are usually assumed to be homogeneous. This paper focuses on the implications of making
preferences in models of policy implementation endogenously determined and time varying heterogeneous agents. We consider
first the recent literature on intertemporal choice and preference change, which cuts across many disciplines, and more briefly
the literature on norm-regarding behavior. We then elaborate a simple model of transportation demand—from a static to a dynamic
orientation, from fixed and exogenously given preferences of strictly self-regarding agents to endogenously determined and
policy-induced preferences of heterogeneous agents—and illustrate its characteristics with simple numerical examples. 相似文献
199.
E.?S.?KazakEmail author E.?G.?Kalitina N.?A.?Kharitonova G.?A.?Chelnokov E.?V.?Elovskii I.?V.?Bragin 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2018,73(3):287-294
This paper reports the results of the experimental determination of the coefficient of sorption of rare-earth elements and yttrium (REY) under conditions of acidic pH using several strains of heterotrophic bacteria (Microbacterium sp., Curtobacterium sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Bacillus pumilis) that are widespread in natural and technogenic waters of the Far East (Russia). Insignificant fractionation between heavy and light rare-earth elements, negative cerium and dysprosium anomalies, and a positive europium anomaly were revealed. The selectivity of REY biosorption by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as inertia of the biosorption process under more acidic conditions of the medium, were shown. 相似文献
200.
O. V. Ilyina N. S. Tychkov A. M. Agashev A. V. Golovin A. E. Izokh O. A. Kozmenko N. P. Pokhilenko 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,467(2):408-411
The results of the first study of the PGE distribution in deformed lherzolites of the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Yakutia) are presented here. The complex character of evolution of the PGE composition in the Deformed lherzolites is assumed to be the result of silicate metasomatism. At the first stage, growth in the amount of clinopyroxene and garnet in the rock is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of the compatible PGE (Os, Ir). During the final stage, the rock is enriched with incompatible PGE (Pt, Pd) and Re possible due to precipitation of submicron-sized particles of sulfides in the interstitial space of these mantle rocks. 相似文献