Indians in England: why did they emigrate?

The period of highest migration from India to England was 1955-1975. In 1981, the Bradford metropolitan district had about 13,000 Indians. 46% were Punjabis and 43.3% were from Gujarat. Using a 10% sample of Indian households in the Bradford district in 1984 and secondary information, this study examines the impact of the following reasons on decision to migrate: 1) push factors in the area of origin, 2) the 1947 partition of India, 3) strong economic attraction of the destination, and 4) "cultural ethos" and "status competition" among the migrant communities in the areas of emigration. Findings show that 1) Punjab and Gujarat do not have high poverty levels nor very high population densities; 2) the partition of India did not influence migration decisions; 3) the economic well-being of returning migrants and the high conversion rate of English currency did attract migrants to England (39% of surveyed migrants emigrated to England for purely economic reasons); and 4) 60% of the Punjabis and over 50% of the Gujaratis state that local status competition had a significant influence on their decisions to migrate. Thus, the economic attraction of England and the status competition among local families and the community were the dominant factors in migration decision making.     

Wind characteristics in the lowest 340 m of the atmospheric boundary layer at Pune,India

Wind characteristics in the lowest 340 m (agl) of the atmospheric boundary layer at Pune (18°32N, 73°51E, 559 m ASL) have been investigated using the pilot balloon wind observations obtained during the summer monsoon seasons of 1976, 1979 and 1980. Variations in the zonal and meridional components of wind at the surface, 40, 150 and 340 m (agl) have been described. Frequency distribution of the zonal component showed an unimodal character at the surface, which gradually approached a multimodal character at 340 m. The distribution pattern of the wind components was, by and large, normal. Spectral analysis of the wind components showed that the spectral energy was predominantly shared by 5–7 and 2–3 day periods.     

Annual variation of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere in the Southern Indian Ocean

Measurements of the concentrations of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in the marine atmosphere were made over a period of two years in the southern Indian Ocean (Amsterdam Island, 37°50 S–77°31 E; March 1987–February 1988 and April 1989–February 1990). The mean atmospheric COS concentration for the whole period was 475±48 pptv (n=544). Atmospheric COS concentrations show no significant seasonal variation with a summer to winter ratio of 1.05. Taking into account the observed variability of the atmospheric COS concentration (10%), a value of 1.4 yr is estimated as a lower limit for the atmospheric COS lifetime. A comparison of the COS data at Amsterdam Island with those obtained in the Southern Hemisphere in the past 12 yr does not reveal any significant trend in the tropospheric background COS mixing ratio.     

Impact of Urban Surroundings on Some Limnological Characteristics of a Tropical Aquatic Ecosystem

The water quality of an urban pond in the thickly populated area of Varanasi city (5 km apart) was studied and compared with a rural pond in the Banaras Hindu University campus for transparency, conductivity and nutrient richness (Cl^?, SO, PO? P, NO? N, organic carbon, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺) at three depths (surface, 1.5 m, 3 m) at monthly intervals between February 1982 and February 1983. This was done to assess the effects of urban surroundings of a very ancient city sector on pond water quality in reference to that of a rural pond. The rural pond had a lush growth of 12 macrophytic species, whereas the urban one had only such a growth with many phytoplanktonic species. Transparency was maximum in the winter season and the rural pond water was more transparent, while the electrolytical conductance was maximum in the rainy season, being higher in the urban pond. Electrolytical conductivity was negatively correlated to transparency: urban: EC = 1081.612–6.575 T, r² = 0.897, F_1,11 = 96, P <0.005; rural: EC = 728.981–4.328 T, r₂ = 0.892, F_1,11 = 91, P <0.005. Chloride and sulphate concentrations were highest in summer months, but the former was much higher in the urban pond while the latter in the rural pond. NO₃–N was highest in the rainy season in the rural pond and in early winter in the urban one and showed a definite trend with change in depth. PO₄–P also varied with depth and time and it was higher in late summer and the early rainy season in the rural pond and in early winter in the urban pond. But both these nutrients were much higher in the urban pond. The maximum organic carbon concentration was found in the rainy season in the rural pond and in summer months in the urban pond. The variation of organic carbon with depth was distinct. Both summer and winter seasons showed almost similar values of calcium concentration in the rural pond, but in the urban pond it was maximum in summer. Organic carbon and calcium were higher in the urban pond. The magnesium concentration was highest in rainy months in both the ponds, but the periodicity of the minimum differed. The distribution of calcium with depth was not well defined. The highest concentration of potassium was found in the winter season in both the ponds. The sodium concentration in the rural pond was observed maximum in summer and minimum in the rainy season, but in the urban pond the trend was different. The variation of potassium and sodium with depth was not well defined. Magnesium and sodium were also higher in the urban pond but potassium was almost at the same concentration in both the ponds. The effect of urbanisation may be one of the factors which might be responsible to the shift of the species composition towards phytoplanktonic flora.     

The redox states of basic and silicic magmas: a reflection of their source regions?

At present the best estimates of the oxygen fugacity of spinel-lherzolites that could be the source material of basic magmas is about five log units below the Ni–NiO buffer to one above it. However partially glassy basic lavas, ranging from MORBs to minettes, all with olivine on their liquidus, cover a wider range, and may have oxygen fugacities that extend to four log units above NNO. Surprisingly the range of oxygen fugacities observed in silicic lavas and ashflows with quartz phenocrysts is smaller, despite a crustal dominated evolution. The peralkaline silicic lava type pantellerite is the most reduced, equivalent to MORBs, whereas the large volume ashflows with phenocrysts of hornblende and/or sphene are the most oxidised. As the concentration of water in the basic lavas is correlated with increase in their redox state, it would seem that water could be the agent of this increase. That this is unlikely is seen in the behavior of silicic ashflows and lavas, particularly those of Yellowstone. Here the silicic magmas of the last 2Ma contain about 2 wt% FeO_(total), and typically phenocrysts of fayalite, quartz and Fe–Ti oxides. Despite extensive exchange of the ¹⁸O of the magma with meteoric water after caldera collapse (Hildreth et al. 1984), there is no displacement of the redox equilibria. Thus the thermal dissociation of molecular H₂O to H₂, and its subsequent diffusive loss to cause oxidation must have been minimal. This could only be so if the activity of water was small, as it would be if H₂O reacted with the silicate liquid to form OH groups (Stolper 1982). The conclusion is that silicic magmas with small amounts of iron and large amounts of water do not have their redox states reset, which in turn presumably reflect their generation. By analogy basic magmas with large amounts of iron and far less water are even less likely to have their redox equilibria disturbed, so that their oxygen fugacities will also reflect their source regions. The effect of pressure on the ferric-ferrous equilibrium in basic magmas can be calculated from experimental measurements of the partial molar volumes of FeO and Fe₂O₃, and their pressure derivatives V/P, in silicate liquids. The effect of pressure is found to be about the same on the liquid as it is for various solid oxygen buffers. Accordingly there should be mantle source regions covering the same range of oxygen fugacity as that found in basic lavas, but so far samples of spinel-lherzolite of equivalent oxygen fugacity to minettes or other potassic lavas have not been found. Whether or not the redox state of phlogopite-pyroxenites is equivalent to these potassic lavas cannot be established without experiment.     

A field and theoretical analysis of garnet+chlorite+chloritoid+biotite assemblages from the tri-state (MA,CT, NY) area,USA

The prograde evolution of minerals in metapelites of a Barrovian sequence from the tri-state area (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York) of the Taconic Range involves assemblages with garnet (Ga), chlorite (Ch), chloritoid (Ct), biotite (Bi) and staurolite (St). Detailed petrologic observations, mineral compositions and chemical zoning in garnet show: (1) garnet high in Mn and Fe but low in Mg is stable with chlorite at grades below those where chloritoid+biotite is found; (2) early formed garnet reacted partially to form Ct+Bi at intermediate grades; (3) at higher grades garnet (with low Mn)+chlorite is again produced, at the expense of chloritoid+biotite, suggesting a reversal in the continuous reaction involving the phases Ga, Ch, Ct and Bi. Thermodynamic modeling of the assemblage Ga+Ch+Ct+Bi±St in the MnKFMASH system reveals: (1) in the MnKFASH system the prograde reaction is Ga+Ch=Ct+Bi whereas in the KFMASH system the prograde reaction is the opposite: Ct+Bi=Ga+Ch; (2) the Ga–Ch–Ct–Bi–St invariant point in the KFMASH system occurs twice, at approximately 6.5 kbar, 545° C and 14.8 kbar, 580° C (although one of them may be metastable in a complex phase system); the appearance of the petrogenetic grid is markedly different from that of Albee, but similar to that of Spear and Cheney; (3) as a consequence, in the KFMASH system, chloritoid+biotite are stable over a wide range of P-T conditions whereas garnet+chlorite assemblages are restricted to a narrow band of P-T conditions; (4) MnO increases the stability field of Ga+Ch relative to both Ct+Bi at low temperatures, and St+Bi at high temperatures; (5) in natural samples the occurrence of Ct+Bi is controlled more by bulk Mg–Fe(-Mn) composition than P-T conditions. Specifically, Ct+Bi is restricted to bulk compositions with Fe/(Mg+Fe+Mn)>0.6. Rocks with Fe/(Mg+Fe+Mn)<0.5 are likely to display only chlorite+biotite at low grade. These observations are consistent with Wang and Spear and Spear and Cheney.     

New compositional and optical data for antimonian and bismuthian varieties of hemusite from Japan

Summary New compositional and optical data are reported for antimonian and antimonianbismuthian varieties of hemusite from epithermal Au-Ag-Cu deposits in Japan. The empirical formula for the antimonian variety, from the Iriki mine is: (Cu_5.83Fe_0.14Ag_0.01)_5.98Mo_1.03(Sn_0.54Sb_0.41Te_0.03Bi_0.02)_1.00(S_7.85Se_0.15)_8.00, and that of the Sb-Bi variety from the Kawazu mine is: (Cu_5.84Fe_0.14Ag_0.01)_5.99Mo_1.03(Sn_0.82Sb_0.11Bi_0.l0Te_0.04)_1.07(S_7.80Se_0.12)_7.92. The theoretical formula of hemusite is Cu⁺ ₄Cu²⁺ ₂MO⁴⁺Sn⁴⁺S₈, whilst the most probable formula of the Iriki hemusite is Cu⁺ _4.5CU²⁺ _1.5Mo⁴⁺Sn⁴⁺ _0.5Sb⁵⁺ _0.5S₈, with Sb⁵⁺ substituting for Sn⁴⁺ and forming (SbS₄)^3– tetrahedra as might be expected, given that the metal to sulphur ratio is 1, and given the sphalerite-like structure of the mineral. However Bi³⁺ cannot be so accommodated, resulting in a deficiency in (S + Se) for Kawazu hemusite. Reflectance spectra for both are compared with those of the tungsten analogue (compositional) of hemusite, kiddcreekite. The relationship between hemusitesensu stricto and these newly reported varieties is discussed in terms of simple and coupled chemical substitutions, and inferences are drawn on the valency of Sb, Bi, Mo and Cu in the hemusite structure.

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Neue chemische und optische Daten für antimon- und bismuthführende Varietäten von Hemusit aus Japan

Zusammenfassung Neue chemische und optische Daten für antimon- und bismuthführende Hemusite auf epithermalen Au-Ag-Cu Lagerstätten in Japan werden vorgelegt. Die empirische Formel für die antimon-führende Varietät aus der Iriki-Mine ist: (Cu_5.83Fe_0.14Ag_0.01)_5.98Mo_1.03(Sn_0.54Sb_0.41Te_0.03Bi_0.02)_1.00 (S_7.85Se_0.15)_8.00, und die der Sb-Bi Varietät aus der Kawazu Mine ist: (Cu_5.84Fe_0.14Ag_0.01)_5.99M0_1.03(Sn_0.82Sb_0.11Bi_0.l0Te_0.04)_1.07 (S_7.80Se_0.12)_7.92. Die theoretische Formel von Hemusit ist Cu⁺ ₄Cu²⁺ ₂Mo⁴⁺Sn⁴⁺S₈, während die wahrscheinlichere Formel für den Hemusit von Iriki Cu⁺ ₄Cu²⁺ _1.5Mo⁴⁺Sn⁴⁺ _0.5Sb⁵⁺ _0.5S₈, mit Sb⁵⁺ an der Stelle von Sn⁴⁺, das(SbS₄)^3– Tetraeder bildet, wie zu erwarten ist, unter der Voraussetzung, da das Metall zu Schwefelverhältnis 1 und die Struktur sphaleritähnlich ist. Bi³⁺ kann jedoch nicht in dieser Weise untergebracht werden, und das führt zu einem Mangel an (S + Se) für den Hemusit von Kawazu. Die Reflektions-Spektren beider Minerale werden mit denen des Wolfram-Equivalents von Hemusit (Kiddcreekit) verglichen. Die Beziehung zwischen Hemusitsensu stricto und diesen jetzt beschriebenen Varietäten wird auf der Basis einfacher und gekoppelter chemischer Substitution diskutiert. Auf dieser Basis werden Schlüsse auf die Valenz von Sb, Bi Mo und Cu in der Hemusit-Struktur gezogen.

     

Decomposition of Hudson estuary macrophytes: Photosynthetic pigment transformations and decay constants

Plant pigment decay constants were determined for four macrophytes collected from the Hudson Estuary.Typha angustifolia andScirpus fluviatilis were used as representatives of emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV), andPotamogeton sp. andVallisneria americana were used to represent submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Litter bags were maintained in an environmental chamber in the dark for 104 d. The fastest rate of total mass loss was in the SAVV. americana and slowest in the EAVT. angustifolia. Changes in carotenoid and chloropigment concentration resulting from microbial and meiofaunal heterotrophy in each of the macrophytes were quantified using reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) techniques. Chlorophyllc and the carotenoid, fucoxanthin, provided useful biomarkers in determining the presence of epiphytic diatom growth, which only occurred on the SAV. The highest concentrations of phaeophorbidea, commonly used as an indication of metazoan grazing, were found in the SAVV. americana. Low concentrations of phaeophorbidea in the SAVPotamogeton sp. indicate inefficient use of this SAV by meiofaunal grazers. Lutein decayed slower than all other carotenoids in both EAV and SAV. Microcosm studies such as this are necessary to further understand the mechanisms and kinetics of photosynthetic pigment transformations in natural systems.     

Laser radiation in active amplifying media treated as a transport problem: Transfer equation derived and exactly solved

The flow of laser radiation in a plane-parallel cylindrical slab of active amplifying medium with axial symmetry is treated as a problem in radiative transfer. The appropriate one-dimensional transfer equation describing the transfer of laser radiation has been derived by an appeal to Einstein'sA, B coefficients (describing the processes of stimulated line absorption, spontaneous line emission, and stimulated line emission sustained by population inversion in the medium) and considering the rate equations to completely establish the rational of the transfer equation obtained. The equation is then exactly solved and the angular distribution of the emergent laser beam intensity is obtained; its numerically computed values are given in tables and plotted in graphs showing the nature of peaks of the emerging laser beam intensity about the axis of the laser cylinder.