用局部最小复发时间勾画圣哈辛托—埃尔西诺断层带的凹凸体

南加利福尼亚圣哈辛托(SJ)-埃尔西诺(E)断层带上的局部最小复发时间 T_L(M)与历史主震的位置相关。我们把由局部频次-震级分布(在 SJ 和 E 断层带上距每点分别6和10km 以内的地震)中的 b 值和 a 值计算出的 T_L(M)定义为复发时间。我们提出用异常低的 T_L(M)值来勾画凹凸体。6次历史主震(1899～1968)中,有5次破裂了由我们完全利用现代地震目录(M≥1.2,1981.0～1998.8)的方法勾画出的4个凹凸体的实体部分。我们估算出随机发生这种相关的概率约为10~(-2)～10~(-3),这依赖于估算的方法而有所不同.看来 T_L(M)的最小值对 b 值的最小值比对 a 值的最大值依赖性更大。因此,低 b 值的位置也可用于说明凹凸体的可能位置及主震最可能发生的地点。安扎空区为圣哈辛托断层上具有低 a 值的一段,用我们的方法勾画为一个凹凸体。b 值的不均匀性在整个研究区域都很强。在10km 的距离上,b 值的范围为0.5～1.8。b 值近似为常数的体积半径 r=8±6km。我们的结果认为,在半径为几千米的体积内对 b 值及局部复发时间的详细勾图揭示出了迄今为止用传统地震活动性分析方法未能获得的有关区域地震危险性的重要信息。     

关于不规则二度体磁异常的计算

前言地球物理文献中有许多计算不规则体的重磁异常的方法.其中大部分方法不外乎是以一系列平面所限制的模型来逼近物体,计算每个面的效应,或者是把物体划分成水平的薄板,计算这些板的效应,再在其延深的范围内求其积分.还有人在计算三度体磁异常时,将物体切成垂直于磁化方向的板,计算各垂直磁化板所产生的异常.本文所介绍的方法是将二度体沿磁化方     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION

With the goal of understanding global chemical processes,environmental chemists have some of the mostcomplex sample analysis problems.Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully inmany situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot.The purpose of this paper is to reviewmultivariate calibration,with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years.The inverseand classical models are discussed briefly,with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods.Principal component regression(PCR)and partial least squares(PLS)are discussed,along with methodsfor quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models.Non-linear PCR,non-linear PLSand locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data.Finally,calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample(second-order calibration)are discussed briefly.     

ESTIMATION OF ERRORS IN ABSORBANCE RATIO MEASUREMENTS

Ratio measurements are commonly used to address a variety of analytical problems in environmental,forensic and pharmaceutical laboratories.In absorbance ratioing techniques,analytical chemists rely onthe spectral features of the analyte(s)of interest.The absorbances at two wavelengths are monitored andthe ratio of these two absorbances is computed.This ratio is then used to confirm the identity of theanalyte(s)of interest,the purity of a product or the overlap of chromatographic peaks.These decisionsoften have far-reaching consequences(e.g.the identification of the source,biogenic or petrogenic,ofhydrocarbons in biological tissues or water).Given the cost and the liabilities associated with suchdecisions,it is unfortunate that these ratios are seldom reported with any statistical confidence.Thepurpose of this study is to delineate the parameters that affect absorbance ratio measurements.Themodels that can be used to estimate the statistical confidence in these measurements are derived andevaluated experimentally.The results show that these models can estimate the relative standard deviationsin absorbance ratios accurately.They can also estimate the effect of signal-to-noise ratio and the choiceof wavelengths on the precision of absorbance ratios.     

重磁异常的直接推断解释方法——(在异常体为水平柱状体的情况下)

前言在任何物探异常定量解释的实践中,通常假定干扰体具有规则的形状或是已知干扰平面的深度.偏离了这种假设,将导致解释结果含糊不清.到目前为止所研究成功的各种简单几何形体的重磁异常的解释方法,可大致划分为下列四类:1.经验法;2.特征曲线法;3.曲线拟合     

金属矿地球物理勘探新趋向

一、物探人员的职责在整个地质勘探程序中,从普查、详查直到勘探都用到物探.每一阶段都有几种物探方法可供选择.物探人员的职责首先是分析所要解决的地质任务,并将地质情况转换成物性的分布,选用对某种或某几种物性可以获得最良好反应的方法来进行工作.第二个职责是选择最佳的测网,为了发现异常至少要有一条测线通过异常.萨芬斯基给出了用矩形测网和平行线方格网圈定椭圆状异常的或然率.假设读数是沿着间距为     

磁测剖面解释的新途径

绪论磁法推断解释工作中设计工作程序最大的困难是多数模型参数表现有非线性特征.所以计算模型参数的数值是通过使模型线性化,或者采用复杂的非线性最佳化的方法以迭代的方式来完成.两种方法都需要用计算机,而且计算所花的时间较长,以致在日常例行推断解释中费用很大.等效磁化分布的推断解释方法可以缩短计算所需的时间,但往往仍存在分辨能力问题.本文讨论一种推断解释二度磁异常剖面的新途径.如果已知场的两个分量,许多二度磁性体的公式可以反过来直接给出精确的     

印度前寒武纪条带状含铁建造

世界各地都有条带状含铁建造分布,但其叫法不同,如条带状含铁燧石、条带状赤铁碧玉岩、条带状赤铁石英岩、印花岩(Calico rock)、含铁矿石(ironstone或泥铁矿)、铁英岩、碧玉铁质岩、条带岩(ribbon rock)、条带状磁铁碧玉岩、铁燧岩、带状岩石(Zebra rock),等等.1955年国际上统一规定:寒武纪以前的称为前寒武纪含铁建造,如苏必利尔湖型(即上湖型)含铁建造;寒武纪以后的称为含铁矿石(Ironstone),如明尼     

Influence of injection conditions on field tracer experiments

Calibration of ground water transport models is often performed using results of field tracer experiments. However, little attention is usually paid to the influence, on resulting breakthrough curves, of injection conditions and well-aquifer interactions, more particularly of the influence of the possible trapping of the tracer in the injection wellbore. Recently, a new mathematical and numerical approach has been developed to model injection conditions and well-aquifer interactions in a very accurate way. Using an analytical solution derived from this model, a detailed analysis is made of the evolution of the tracer input function in the aquifer. By varying injection conditions from one simulation to another, synthetic breakthrough curves are generated with the SUFT3D ground water flow and transport finite-element simulator. These tests show clearly that the shape of the breakthrough curves can be dramatically affected by injection conditions. Using generated breakthrough curves as "actual" field results, a calibration of hydrodispersive parameters is performed, neglecting the influence of injection conditions. This shows that neglecting the influence of actual injection conditions can lead to (1) errors on fitted parameters and (2) misleading identification of the active transport processes. Conclusions and guidelines are drawn in terms of proposed methodologies for better controlling the tracer injection in the field, in order to minimize risk of misinterpretation of results.     

Development of a system of indicators for sustainable port management

The 1998 project ECOPORT, “Towards A Sustainable Transport Network”, developed by the Valencia Port Authority (VPA), established the bases for implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS) in industrial harbours. The use of data and information shall always be required to develop an efficient EMS. The objective of the present research (INDAPORT) study is to propose a system of sustainable environmental management indicators to be used by any port authorities. All activities performed within a port area are analysed for any potential environmental impacts and risks.

An environmental analysis of port activities has been carried out with the objective of designing the indicators system. Twenty-one corresponding activities have been identified for large industrial ports. Subsequently, the same methodology developed to date will be later applied to other Spanish and European ports. The study has been developed by using an original system and a methodology, which simultaneously use stage diagrams and systemic models (material and energy flow charts). Multi-criteria analysis techniques were used to evaluate potential impacts (identification of factors and evaluation of impacts).