苏联水文地球化学地震预报研究的最新成果

本文回顾了在苏联所有地震区就地震预报而进行的水文地球化学和流体地球动力学的主要研究成果。从83个台站组成的庞大的观测网收集了大量的资料,这些资料涉及到大约40个水文地球化学和流体地球动力学参数的变化。联系本地区的地震活动对这些资料进行了分析研究。在对常规观测结果进行统计分析的基础上,对水文地球化学前兆进行了分类。指出了由前兆物理化学性质而定的水文地球化学异常的几个特点、给定地区的地质条件和预期地震活动的特点。给出了数据分析的一些复杂的统计方法和根据水文地球化学方法预报的几个地震实例。发现水文地球化学和流体地球动力学前兆对短期预报非常有效。讨论了能引起水文地球化学前兆的可能机制。简短地叙述了苏联用于水文地球化学和流体地球动力学观测的精密自记装置的进展。     

干旱预测

干旱预测是个古老的问题,但最近萨赫勒干旱的严重性使人们清楚地认识到需要改进预测干旱方法,使之具有一定程度的准确性。根据现有的科学水平,干旱预测即使可能,但仍很困难。在探索适当的技术方面,两个主要途径看来是重要的:这些包括遥相关的应用和数值模式的研制。实质上,有时滞的遥相关取决于这样的假设:在全球范围内,任一地区诱发的变化,可能在另一地方产生相应的有时滞差的变化。1972～1973年南美洲的西海岸的厄尔尼诺是一个很好的事例。数值模式的研制不仅考虑到气候因素,而且也考虑到人对自然环境的影响;大气环流模式(GCMs)的研制提供一些线索,可能有助于改进干旱预测的技术。     

Contrasting Regional Responses of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall to Exhausted Spring and Concurrently Emerging Summer El Ni?o Events

The inverse relationship between the warm phase of the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall(ISMR) is well established. Yet, some El Ni?o events that occur in the early months of the year(boreal spring) transform into a neutral phase before the start of summer, whereas others begin in the boreal summer and persist in a positive phase throughout the summer monsoon season. This study investigates the distinct influences of an exhausted spring El Ni?o(springtime)...     

厄尔尼诺-南方涛动模式研究

研制了一个海-气耦合模式,并用于讨论ENSO现象。在没有异常的外部强迫作用的条件下,该耦合模式再现了观测现象的某些关键特征,其中包括增暖事件多以3—4年的不规则时间间隔重新出现。研究表明,平均海平面温度、风和洋流场确定ENSO距平的特征空间结构。距平的锁相(phase-locking)趋势可以用与平均场年变程有关的耦合强度的变化来解释。敏感性研究发现,振荡的振幅和时间尺度对于影响海-气耦合强度的几个参数是敏感的。较强的耦合意味着较大、较长时间尺度的振荡。模式振荡的关键性因素是赤道海水上部含热量的变化率,赤道地区含热量在增暖事件之前增加,在增暖过程中急剧减少。给出了这种变化率和有关El Nino与非El Nino状态之间转化的理论。还讨论了预报El Nino事件的模式结果的含意。     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS*

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actual wind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptual model of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly from the single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generated convective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equations based on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properly treated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of the approach proposed in this paper.     

Ozone during stratospheric warmings at Uccle

The day-to-day variations in ozone content at Uccle (51oN) during some stratospheric warming events are ex-amined. In particular, the attention is focused on the timing of commencement of ozone enhancement prior to peak day of warming and on the relationship in the ozone content between the upper and lower stratosphere. These two features are compared with the predictions of ozone transport models. There seems to be an agreement between mod-el predictions and observed features in some cases.     

Variations in the atmospheric electric field at tropical station during 1930–1987

The variations noticed in the atmospheric electric field recorded at Pune (18o32’N, 73o51’E, 559 m ASL), a tropi-cal inland station located in Deccan Plateau, India, during the period 1930-1987, have been examined in relation to the variations observed in the Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β) and selected meteorological parameters. The month-ly and annual mean values of the atmospheric electric field, Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β), rainfall, temperature and relative humidity for the years 1930-1938, 1957-1958, 1964-1965, 1973-1974 and 1987 were considered in the study.The results of the above study indicated gradual increases in the atmospheric electric field over the period of study (1930-1987) which is statistically significant at less than 5% level. The increases noticed during different periods varied from 30 to 109 %. The increase noticed during the period (1930-1938) and (1973-1974) was maximum (109%). The Angstrom turbidity coefficient also showed systematic increases during the period of study, which is consistent. The diurnal curve of the atmospheric electric field at the station by and large, showed a double oscillation, which is generally observed in the continental environments.     

用微型干涉仪测地终端设备(MITES)测量基线的精度估计

<正> 1980年12月17日将轻便的MITES天线(见Bull.Geod.53,139—163,1979)设在Haystack天文台附近三座测量标志的顶部。这些天线获得了全球定位系统卫星(NAVSTAR/GPS)的射电干涉测量结果,经过分析后,便确定了这些测量标志之间的基线向量。     

Relaxation Time and Conductivity at a Rural Station: Raichur

An examination of decay and growth rates of electric field near the ground during total solar eclipse of 16 February 1980 was made to study the electrical relaxation time and conductivity at Raichur. The values obtained i. e., 1320 seconds and 67.1163× 10-16 mhos m-1 of the two parameters were in fair agreement with the reported ones at the rural locations.     

中国热带地区降水与印度夏季风的关系

中国热带地区降水与印度夏季风的关系ＳｏｎｇＹａｎｇＷｉｌｌｉａｍＪ．Ｇｕｔｏｗｓｋｉ，Ｊｒ．（美国马萨诸塞州大气与环境研究公司）（美国衣阿华州立大学地质与大气科学系）１引官亚洲季风是东亚和南亚广大地区年降水循环的显著特征。由于其经济和科学上的重要性，...