印度马德拉斯含水层系统水文地球化学对人类健康的影响

从1985年开始,安娜大学水资源中心在马德拉斯含水层系统(MAS)有规律地进行了水文地球化学研究,该含水层系统包括北-西北部多层含水层和南部半承压含水层。马德拉斯大城市居民的60～70~*％,供水来自马德拉斯含水层系统,在干旱年份,近     

地质演化与生物演化体系(岩石学中的变成学派)

自古以来,metamorphism(变质作用,变异)就是一种用来描述形态变化,即转变的概念.这一术语具有特殊的含意,并且在不同的自然学科中有着不同的用法.在生物学中,“metamorphism”描述生长的变异,而在地质学中,则用它来表述在温度和压力相对增加的条件下,或者在地球营力的作用下,岩石的变形、重结晶和变晶生长.     

Methods Used to Study Bacterial Diversity in the Marine Environment around Qingdao

Pollution has a considerable effect on biological communities, in terms of size and diversity of the populations. Yet, the precise consequences of human activity on microbial communities in the marine environment are poorly understood. Therefore, in an ongoing collaborative research programme between Heriot-Watt University and the Ocean University of Qingdao, bacteria were isolated in 1999 and 2000 from marine sediment, seawater, seaweed, fish and shellfish, taken from locations in Shandong Province adjacent to Qingdao. Sampling locations were comprised of industrial and aquacultural sites and a clean, control site. In order to analyse microbial diversity, a polyphasic approach was adopted for characterisation of these isolates, specifically through examination of key phenotypic traits, i.e. using Biolog GN MicroPlateTM profiles, bacterial whole cell protein profiles and 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences. These techniques yielded complex taxonomic data, which were subjected to statistical and cluster analyses. The application of these methods to studies of microbial communities is discussed.     

干旱地貌学研究进展

世界上许多沙漠在更新世确实急剧地扩大了(Goudie, 1981; Street,1981)。对于沙漠形成的时代,有了日益增多的证据,尤其是从深海结核沉积中得到的材料。远离西撒哈拉的沉积结核中还含有可以检定的风成物质,表明在约二千万年以前(早中新世)北非就存在着一个发育良好的干旱区(Diester-Haass and Schrader, 1979)。同样,斯埃瑟(Siesser, 1981)证明在晚中新世波恩古尔勒海流(Bengular Current)的寒冷上升流(upwelling water)造成了沿西南非洲(纳米比亚)纳米布海岸的干旱化。对北太平     

苏联社会经济地理学的任务

最近十年来,做为一门科学的地理学已经发生了重大的变化。现在,社会经济地理学形成了一种关于社会空间形式的知识体系。经济一地理这门学科的分化同时又是综合的趋向是和地理学研究当前强调与经济学、生态学与社会学方面的联系有关的。     

电阻率测深量板的快速计算法

水平地层电阻率测深量板广泛用来快速推断解释电测深曲线.现有构制量板的方法都是利用合适的求积法对斯忒藩斯库积分求数值解.随着快速数字计算机的发展,这种方法获得了更大的成效.最近戈什利用线性滤波方法研究成一种迥然不同的计算电阻率测深量板的方法.本文介绍一种基于斯忒藩斯库方程,计算施伦贝尔热和温纳电极排列的水平层状地层测深量板的快速方法.在斯忒藩斯库方程中有贝塞尔函数,由于J_j(x)收敛慢,而且具有振     

费尼克斯铜矿的资源勘探和品位控制

历史情况葛兰拜矿山公司的费尼克斯铜矿位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省南部格兰德·福克斯镇与戈瑞恩坞镇之间.矿区的开采权在1891年就已用标椿作志.从那时起,曾经做过各种评价和勘探工作,但是直到1899年矿山和冶炼厂开始兴建的时候,矿区的储量还没有掌握.连结矿区和恪兰德·福克斯冶炼厂的铁路在1900年建成后,即开始运出矿石.此后,生产延续了19年.矿山初期的产量为每日63O吨,以后曾经发展到3000吨以上.当时,格兰德·福克斯冶炼厂曾经是英国最大的冶炼厂之一,在19年中,矿石的总产量为1370万吨,品位:铜1.2%,金O.04盎斯/吨,     

Fluid-driven Hydrovolcanic Activity along Fracture Zones and near Seamounts: Evidence from Deep-sea Fe-rich Spherules,Central Indian Ocean Basin

An insight on occurrence of Fe-rich spherules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) provides an understanding of their distribution at a water depth of >5,000 m. In the present study, Fe-rich spherules are identified to occur in two different sediment types (i.e., siliceous and pelagic) and tectonic settings (i.e. near seamounts and fracture zones). These are single spheres or aggregates, of different sizes (63 to 390 μm) and show textural variability (smooth/quenched, brickwork, corkscrew, interlocking and dendritic). A comparative study based on physical morphology and chemical composition suggests a common mechanism of formation. The association of spherules with fracture zones (FZ) and seamounts signifies that morpho-tectonic features play an important role in fluid-driven hydrovolcanism. Based on the evidence and geologic conditions existing in the basin, we conclude that molten fuel-coolant interaction (MFCI) coupled with submarine hydrothermal exhalations could be an ideal mechanism for the formation of spherules and Fe-particles. The accretion of the spherules on the surface sediments could be a result of recent volcanic phenomena, while those occurring at different depths (280–355, and 460–475 cm-bsf) within the sediment core indicate two different episodes. The study provides a global implication in understanding fluid-driven magmatism in a deep-sea intraplate environment.     

Neoproterozoic U-Th-REE-bearing Pegmatites in Wadi Ibib,South Eastern Desert,Egypt:Structural and Geochemical Measures for a Syn-Tectonic Anatectic Model of Formation

The Wadi Ibib area is situated in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Hamisana Shear Zone (HSZ), which is a high strain zone evolved during the late stages of the Pan-African orogeny, likely as a tectonic escape structure. Amphibolite facies pelitic metasedimentary windows crop out in the axial parts of the HSZ and are noticeably associated with numerous N-trending pegmatite dikes. Whole-rock geochemistry of the pegmatites reveals a peraluminous (S-type) affinity, with low K/Rb ratios and elevated concentrations of U, Th, REE, Rb, Li, Cs, Y, Nb and Ta. Structurally, the pegmatite sets intrude along the shear plane of the HSZ, corresponding to the regional N-trending tectonic fabrics, such as axial planar foliation and dextral-shearing in the metasedimentary host rock. Field relationships, including structural context, coupled with geochemical characteristics of the Wadi Ibib pegmatites, do not support their formation as a complementary part of evolved granitic magmas. Space-localized decompression-induced partial melting of peraluminous garnet-bearing metapelites was alternatively the underlying process for formation of these pegmatites. Such decompression was associated with regional escape tectonics and stress axes permutations during the late deformation stage (D3) in the evolution of the south Eastern Desert terrane, due to end-orogeny system pressure-release.     

Textural and geochemical characteristics of late Pleistocene to Holocene fine-grained deep-sea sediment cores(GM6 and GM7),recovered from southwestern Gulf of Mexico

Texture, mineralogy, geochemistry, and ~(14)C ages of two deep-sea sediment cores(GM6 and GM7) recovered in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico were investigated to infer their provenance and depositional condition. The sediments are enriched in fine-grained silt and clay and poor in sand content. Mineralogically, the sediments consist of quartz,calcite, smectite, and kaolinite. Based on the ~(14)C data, the age of the GM6 and GM7 sediment cores were calculated as23,615 cal yrs. BP and 19,007 cal yrs. BP, respectively. The weathering indices such as chemical index of alteration(CIA),chemical index of weathering(CIW), and plagioclase index of alteration(PIA) in GM6(56-69, 60-74, and 61-73,respectively) and GM7(54-69, 57-76, and 55-74, respectively) cores revealed a moderate-to-high intensity of weathering. The rare earth element(REE) patterns suggested that the sediments were derived mostly by the weathering of intermediate rocks, exposed along the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico. The trace elemental ratios like V/Cr(2),Ni/Co(2), and Cu/Zn(1), authigenic uranium content(1), and Ce anomaly(Ce/Ce~* ≤ 1) suggested that the sediments were deposited under an oxic condition, which was also revealed by the benthic foraminiferal assemblages throughout the GM6 and GM7 sediment cores.