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11.
Taro Takahashi Stewart C. Sutherland Rik Wanninkhof Colm Sweeney Richard A. Feely David W. Chipman Burke Hales Gernot Friederich Francisco Chavez Christopher Sabine Andrew Watson Dorothee C.E. Bakker Ute Schuster Nicolas Metzl Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue Masao Ishii Takashi Midorikawa Yukihiro Nojiri Arne Krtzinger Tobias Steinhoff Mario Hoppema Jon Olafsson Thorarinn S. Arnarson Bronte Tilbrook Truls Johannessen Are Olsen Richard Bellerby C.S. Wong Bruno Delille N.R. Bates Hein J.W. de Baar 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(11):2075-2076
12.
Jackie L. Cooper Geoffrey V. Bicknell Ralph S. Sutherland Joss Bland-Hawthorn 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,311(1-3):99-103
In order to better understand the formation of a starburst-driven wind, we have performed a series of three-dimensional hydrodynamical
simulations in an inhomogeneous interstellar medium. We present the results of these simulations, which provide new insights
into the formation of the optical filaments and the origin of the soft X-ray emission. 相似文献
13.
Drifting mysids were sampled to determine diel activity, and whether mysid numbers vary with respect to inflowing and outflowing tides. Samples of drifting mysids were collected at the mouth of the Taieri River, New Zealand, over one 24‐h cycle using five replicate conical drift nets in January 1999. One‐night and 1‐day ebb and flood tide were each sampled. Four species of mysid Tenagomysis macropsis, T. novae‐zealandiae, T. robusta, and an apparently undescribed species of Gastrosaccus sp., were collected over the sampling period. One species, T. robusta, has not previously been collected from estuarine or riverine systems. The undescribed Gastrosaccus sp. was the most abundant of the four species. All four species were more abundant at night, with T. robusta and Gastrosaccus sp. being considerably more abundant in the drift on outflowing tides. In contrast, roughly equal numbers of T. macropsis and T. novae‐zealandiae were observed drifting in and out of the estuary at night. 相似文献
14.
C. M. Baugh D. J. Croton E. Gaztañaga P. Norberg M. Colless I. K. Baldry J. Bland-Hawthorn T. Bridges R. Cannon S. Cole C. Collins W. Couch G. Dalton R. De Propris S. P. Driver G. Efstathiou R. S. Ellis C. S. Frenk K. Glazebrook C. Jackson O. Lahav I. Lewis S. Lumsden S. Maddox D. Madgwick J. A. Peacock B. A. Peterson W. Sutherland K. Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,351(2):L44-L48
15.
William S. Burgett Michael M. Vick David S. Davis Matthew Colless Roberto De Propris Ivan Baldry Carlton Baugh Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Shaun Cole Chris Collins Warrick Couch Nicholas Cross Gavin Dalton Simon Driver George Efstathiou Richard Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Edward Hawkins Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Darren Madgwick Peder Norberg John A. Peacock Will Percival Bruce Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,352(2):605-654
16.
W. Thomas T. Ruppert M. Van Roozendael J. Verdebout D. Balis C. Meleti C. Zerefos 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,50(3):295-320
We focus on the retrieval of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from an analysis of atmospheric UV backscatter spectra obtained by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) spectrometer on board the ESA European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2). Here, the last major eruptions of Mt. Etna on Sicily (Italy) in July/August 2001 and October/November 2002 provided an excellent opportunity to study the retrieval of SO2 columnar amounts from ground-based, LIDAR and satellite measurements. Our study shows that the bulk of emitted SO2 was confined in the troposphere, mainly between 700 hPa and 400 hPa which is confirmed by trajectory analysis, by LIDAR observations and AVHRR observations. The area of influence of Mt. Etna eruptions ranges from the Western Saharan Desert to Greece and the near east states and even down to the basin of Tschad, Africa. Our analysis revealed that information about the plume height of volcanic eruptions and aerosol parameters is necessary for a reliable quantitative retrieval of SO2 from space-borne sensor data at periods perturbed by volcanic eruptions. 相似文献
17.
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19.
Models of corundum origin from alkali basaltic terrains: a reappraisal 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
F. Lin Sutherland Paul W. O. Hoskin C. Mark Fanning Robert R. Coenraads 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,133(4):356-372
Corundums from basalt fields, particularly in Australia and Asia, include a dominant blue-green-yellow zoned “magmatic” suite
(BGY suite) and subsidiary vari-coloured “metamorphic” suites. The BGY corundums have distinctive trace element contents (up
to 0.04 wt% Ga2O3 and low Cr/Ga and Ti/Ga ratios <1). Different melt origins for BGY corundums are considered here from their inclusion and
intergrowth mineralogy, petrologic associations and tectonic setting. Analysed primary inclusion minerals (over 100 inclusions)
cover typical feldspars, zircon and Nb-Ta oxides and also include hercynite-magnetite, gahnospinel, rutile-ilmenite solid
solution, calcic plagioclase, Ni-rich pyrrhotite, thorite and low-Si and Fe-rich glassy inclusions. This widens a previous
inclusion survey; New England, East Australia corundums contain the most diverse inclusion suite known from basalt fields
(20 phases). Zircon inclusion, intergrowth and megacryst rare earth element data show similar patterns, except for Eu which
shows variable depletion. Temperature estimates from magnetite exsolution, feldspar compositions and fluid inclusion homogenization
suggest that some corundums crystallized between 685–900 °C. Overlap of inclusion Nb, Ta oxide compositions with new comparative
data from niobium-yttrium-fluorine enriched granitic pegmatites favour a silicate melt origin for the corundums. The feasibility
of crystallizing corundum from low-volume initial melting of amphibole-bearing mantle assemblages was tested using the MELTS
program on amphibole-pyroxenite xenolith chemistry from basalts. Corundum appears in the calculations at 720–880 °C and 0.7–1.1 GPa
with residual feldspathic assemblages that match mineral compositions found in corundums and their related xenoliths. A model
that generates melts from amphibole-bearing lithospheric mantle during magmatic plume activity is proposed for BGY corundum
formation.
Received: 3 January 1997 / Accepted: 8 July 1998 相似文献
20.
Advances in our understanding of the gem corundum deposits of the West Pacific continental margins intraplate basaltic fields 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Ian Graham Lin Sutherland Khin Zaw Victor Nechaev Alexander Khanchuk 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):200
Recent discoveries over the last decade of new gemfields, exploitation of new and existing deposits, and application of relatively new techniques have greatly increased our knowledge of the basalt-derived gem sapphire–ruby–zircon deposits. In this paper we focus on the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic intraplate basaltic fields of the West Pacific continental margins. We review advances made in understanding the genesis of these deposits, based on the application of newer techniques. We also critically review existing data on the gem corundum deposits, in order to further refine a model for their origin.In some of the intraplate basaltic fields, corundum-bearing xenoliths have been found showing a range of PT formation conditions from 790 °C at 0.85 GPa to as much as 1100 to 1200 °C at 1.0 to 2.5 GPa. Although most magmatic sapphires contain syngenetic inclusions of columbite-group phases, zircon, spinel and rutile, some contain additional nepheline and K-feldspar, suggesting crystallization from more undersaturated alkaline magma while the Weldborough field of NE Tasmania also contains molybdenite and beryl, suggesting at least some interaction with more fractionated ‘granitic-type’ magmas. There is a large range in PT conditions calculated for the metamorphic rubies (from 780 to 940 °C, through 800 to 1150 °C up to 1000 to 1300 °C). Fluid/melt inclusion studies on magmatic corundums generally suggest that they formed in a CO2-rich environment from a ‘syenitic’ melt under a range of T conditions from 720 to 880 °C up to 1000 to 1200 °C. Oxygen isotope studies reveal that typical magmatic corundums have values of + 4.4 to 6.9‰, whereas metamorphic corundums from the same basaltic host have lower values of + 1.3 to 4.2‰.Geochronological studies have shown that some fields produced a simple eruptive and zircon/corundum crystallization event while others had multiple eruptive events but only one or two zircon crystallization events. For a few fields, some corundums/zircons crystallized in storage regions and then remained relatively inert for periods of 200 to 400 Ma without significant change before transport to the surface in the Cenozoic. Tectonic studies of the Australian region suggest that many of the corundums crystallized from magmas related to episodic basaltic volcanism in a tectonic regime of extension, associated with the opening of the Tasman and Coral Seas. For the Asian region, the magmatic–polygenetic corundums within the basaltic fields largely crystallized in a tectonic regime of distributed E–W extension, whereas the metamorphic-metasomatic corundums crystallised in a transpressional regime associated with the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate (e.g., [Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Maluski, H., Ohnenstetter, D., Deloule, E., 2003. Ar–Ar and U–Pb ages of marble-hosted ruby deposits from Central and South-east Asia. Geophysical Research Abstracts 5, 03751; Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., and Schwarz, D., 2004. Les gisements de corindon: classification et genese. Les placers a corindon gemme. Le Regne Mineral 55, 7-47; Garnier, V., Ohnenstetter, D., Giuliani, G., Maluski, H., Deloule, E., Phan Trong, T., Pham Van, L., Hoang Quang, V., 2005a. Age and significance of ruby-bearing marble from the Red River Shear Zone, Northern Vietnam. Canadian Mineralogist 43, 1315–1329]). 相似文献