太行山南段洪山岩体中粗面斑岩地球化学特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

在详细野外调研的基础上,对位于太行山南段洪山岩体中粗面斑岩的岩石学、地球化学和年代学特征进行了研究。该区斑岩中Si O2含量为63.57%~67.85%,平均为65.19%;里特曼指数σ值为5.6~8.2;K2O/Na2O为1.00~1.74,平均为1.24;A12O3为16.75%~18.77%,平均为18.21%。铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.00~1.06,属于碱性正长岩类岩石。岩石稀土元素总量(∑REE)为33.75×10-6~144.30×10-6,(La/Yb)N=9.18~33.28,呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集、重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损的特点。δEu=0.99~1.16,有微弱正Eu异常。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蜘蛛图解中,样品均显示强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、相对亏损高场强元素(HFSEs)的特征。同时,在该地区获得的粗面斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为128.6±1.0Ma。锆石εHf(t)值为-16.0~-11.4,对应的地壳模式年龄(TDM)为1258~1432Ma。这些数据表明,洪山粗面斑岩与洪山其他中生代侵入岩是同期岩浆作用的产物,形成于早白垩世由造山挤压环境向伸展环境转变期,是EM1型富集地幔部分熔融形成富碱的岩浆上升侵位,并受古老下地壳物质混染形成的。华北规模庞大的中生代岩浆作用可能与部分熔融并消耗富集岩石圈地幔层有关,这可能也是岩石圈地幔减薄的重要方式之一。     

DEM study of fabric features governing undrained post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand

In an effort to study undrained post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand, the discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to conduct undrained cyclic biaxial compression simulations on granular assemblies consisting of 2D circular particles. The simulations are able to successfully reproduce the generation and eventual saturation of shear strain through the series of liquefaction states that the material experiences during cyclic loading after the initial liquefaction. DEM simulations with different deviatoric stress amplitudes and initial mean effective stresses on samples with different void ratios and loading histories are carried out to investigate the relationship between various mechanics- or fabric-related variables and post-liquefaction shear strain development. It is found that well-known metrics such as deviatoric stress amplitude, initial mean effective stress, void ratio, contact normal fabric anisotropy intensity, and coordination number, are not adequately correlated to the observed shear strain development and, therefore, could not possibly be used for its prediction. A new fabric entity, namely the Mean Neighboring Particle Distance (MNPD), is introduced to reflect the space arrangement of particles. It is found that the MNPD has an extremely strong and definitive relationship with the post-liquefaction shear strain development, showing MNPD’s potential role as a parameter governing post-liquefaction behavior of sand.     

不同磷源对米氏凯伦藻生长和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

为了解米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)赤潮形成的磷营养机理,作者研究了不同磷源[三磷酸腺苷二钠盐(Adenosine disodium triphosphate,ATP)、甘油磷酸钠(sodium glycerophosphate,G-P)、卵磷脂(lecthin,LEC)和Na H2PO4·2H2O]对其生长和藻细胞碱性磷酸酶活性(alkaline phosphatase activity,APA)的影响。结果表明:(1)米氏凯伦藻可以有效利用无机磷(Na H2PO4·2H2O),对有机磷源如三磷酸腺苷二钠盐(ATP)、甘油磷酸钠(G-P)也能有效利用,但不能有效利用卵磷脂(LEC);(2)米氏凯伦藻碱性磷酸酶的检测中,在起始阶段,不同磷源(ATP,G-P,LEC和Na H2PO4·2H2O)的米氏凯伦藻APA达到最大值,米氏凯伦藻的APA分别为6.0,10.5,8.0和0.4 pmol/(个·h)。随培养时间的持续,各有机磷培养基中米氏凯伦藻的APA均表现出先逐渐减小,而后增强,最后在最大值维持的趋势,而以Na H2PO4·2H2O为磷源的米氏凯伦藻的APA没有明显的增加;(3)单个细胞的米氏凯伦藻的APA位点分布明显,大致位于细胞表面。通过研究发现,米氏凯伦藻在外界环境无机磷限制的条件下,能够较好地吸收利用有机磷维持生长,印证了近年来米氏凯伦藻赤潮频繁地发生在磷限制海域的事实。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因序列对3种珍珠贝的鉴定

传统的形态鉴定主要依赖于分类者的经验和水平,容易产生分类错误。为提高物种鉴定的准确性,作者采用形态学与线粒体16S rRNA基因序列分析相结合的方式对广西北海涠洲岛采获的3种珍珠贝进行了鉴定。研究结果表明,基于形态学可将3种珍珠贝分别鉴定为企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)、宽珍珠贝(P.loveni)和中国珍珠贝(P.chinensis),但基于16S r RNA基因序列,形态学鉴定为P.loveni的标本应为P.lata。P.loveni和P.lata是两个完全独立的种,并非为同物异名。珍珠贝属16S rRNA基因序列的种间遗传距离明显大于种内遗传距离,适宜作为该属种类鉴定的分子标记。在基于16S r RNA基因序列构建的系统树中,相同种类的不同个体均形成单系群,并获得很高的支持率。分布于中国沿海的珍珠贝属种类应包括P.lata,是否有P.loveni的分布尚需进一步证实。     

内蒙古塔尔气地区佳疙瘩组地质特征及锆石年代学研究

通过对塔尔气地区佳疙瘩组的岩石学、构造、地球化学及锆石年代学等特征的研究,对该组岩石的变形特征、构造背景及形成时代进行了探讨。结果表明,研究区出露的佳疙瘩组以二云母石英片岩、绿泥片岩及石英岩为主,变质矿物组合为:石英+角闪石+黑云母+斜长石,变质程度相当于绿片岩相。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学测试分析结果表明,其形成时代应为晚奥陶世晚期,原岩为一套中酸性火山岩。后期经历了两期变质变形事件:第一期应力场为北西—南东向挤压,形成北东向展布的构造线;第二期变形应力场为近南北向挤压,形成近东西向展布的构造线方向,时代可能为早石炭世之后。     

页岩气钻探冲洗液体系的研究与应用

中国页岩气资源开发潜力巨大,近年来页岩气勘探开发力度不断加大,对钻探工艺和技术的要求不断提高。页岩气地层岩性主要为泥岩、砂岩、页岩、碳质板岩、灰岩,该类地层胶结性差、破碎、井壁强度低,钻进中易出现孔壁失稳,发生坍塌、卡钻、埋钻等孔内事故,需要研制具有强抑制性、低成本、绿色环保的冲洗液体系来保证施工安全。本文通过对页岩气井壁稳定机理的探究,优选出一种适用于页岩地层双聚防塌和成膜防塌低固相冲洗液体系,该体系由抑制剂、防塌剂、降失水剂、润滑剂、封堵剂、流型调节剂等处理剂组成,具有良好的抑制性和胶结性。现场应用取得了良好的效果,保证了项目的顺利施工。     

基于路网惯导载体路径匹配的ICCP算法改进

惯性导航作为一种独立、便捷、稳定的导航方式,在众多对导航定位有特殊要求的领域正发挥着难以替代的作用。但惯性导航的误差会随时间逐渐积累,以至于出现较大偏差,直接影响了导航定位效果,因而在实际应用中是否能准确快速实时修正定位误差至关重要。针对目前普遍使用的轨迹匹配方法 ICCP算法,在数字化路网中惯导机动载体的路径匹配基础上对该算法的几个主要环节进行了改进。最后对照实验进行验证,实验表明,改进后算法的效率和精度有了显著提高。     

河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析

2013年12月14—25日,河北中南部地区发生了一次长达12 d的重霾污染天气过程。本文通过对同期气象条件、流场、污染物特征进行分析,探讨了这次过程的成因。此次污染过程与霾密切相关,具有持续时间长、范围广及强度大的特点;在静稳的大尺度气象条件和近地面大气层结下,污染物沿近地面风场的弱辐合区迅速积累,是重覆污染天气形成的关键;此次重霾污染天气过程中有两次弱冷空气活动,两次冷空气影响层次有所不同但影响时间均较短,不能彻底改变静稳大气层结,对污染物的扩散能力有限,重霾污染天气得以长时间持续。     

Spatial signatures for geographic feature types: examining gazetteer ontologies using spatial statistics

Digital gazetteers play a key role in modern information systems and infrastructures. They facilitate (spatial) search, deliver contextual information to recommended systems, enrich textual information with geographical references, and provide stable identifiers to interlink actors, events, and objects by the places they interact with. Hence, it is unsurprising that gazetteers, such as GeoNames, are among the most densely interlinked hubs on the Web of Linked Data. A wide variety of digital gazetteers have been developed over the years to serve different communities and needs. These gazetteers differ in their overall coverage, underlying data sources, provided functionality, and geographic feature type ontologies. Consequently, place types that share a common name may differ substantially between gazetteers, whereas types labeled differently may, in fact, specify the same or similar places. This makes data integration and federated queries challenging, if not impossible. To further complicate the situation, most popular and widely adopted geo‐ontologies are lightweight and thus under‐specific to a degree where their alignment and matching become nothing more than educated guesses. The most promising approach to addressing this problem, and thereby enabling the meaningful integration of gazetteer data across feature types, seems to be a combination of top‐down knowledge representation with bottom‐up data‐driven techniques such as feature engineering and machine learning. In this work, we propose to derive indicative spatial signatures for geographic feature types by using spatial statistics. We discuss how to create such signatures by feature engineering and demonstrate how the signatures can be applied to better understand the differences and commonalities of three major gazetteers, namely DBpedia Places, GeoNames, and TGN.     

利用直线控制进行非量测相机的几何标定

研究了基于直线特征的非量测相机几何标定方法,依据中心投影影像的几何特性建立了基于直线特征的相机内参数标定模型,并推导了其线性化公式。与常规基于控制点的空间后方交会和几何检校的实验结果对比表明,该方法可以达到与传统方法同等的定位精度,且回避了常规方法物像必须严格对应的问题,为缺少控制点情况下的几何标定提供了另一个可选方案。