内蒙古草原温室气体排放日变化规律研究

采用静态值－气相色谱法研究内蒙古草原温室气体N2O、CO2、CH4与大气交换的日变化规律。CO2日排放变化形式基本相同，和大气交换的总结果是向大气排放，影响草原N2O排放日变化形式的关键是土壤含水量和表层土壤理化特性，日温变化主要影响其日变化强度；影响草原CH4日变化形式的关键因子是土壤水分和供氧状况，而温度和植物的生长状况则影响吸收强度，利用内蒙古草原温室气候排放相对固定的日变化形式，可以对相同生产季内每周1次的观测结果进行矫正。     

乌鲁木齐市降水对大气污染的影响

根据2002—2003年乌鲁木齐市SO2、NO2、PM10的日平均浓度和日降水量分析了乌鲁木齐市降水对3种大气污染物的湿清除能力。分析表明大雨对SO2和PM10的湿清除能力大于小雨,而小雨大于中雨。中雪对SO2和PM10的湿清除能力大于大雪,而大雪大于小雪。小量以上降水(降雨和降雪)对NO2的湿清除能力基本相当。微雨对3种大气污染物具有湿清除能力,而微雪使3种大气污染物的浓度增加。     

Assessing future climate changes and extreme indicators in east and south Asia using the RegCM4 regional climate model

This paper assesses future climate changes over East and South Asia using a regional climate model (RegCM4) with a 50?km spatial resolution. To evaluate the model performance, RegCM4 is driven with ??perfect boundary forcing?? from the reanalysis data during 1970?C1999 to simulate the present day climate. The model performs well in reproducing not only the mean climate and seasonality but also most of the chosen indicators of climate extremes. Future climate changes are evaluated based on two experiments driven with boundary forcing from the European-Hamburg general climate model (ECHAM5), one for the present (1970?C1999) and one for the SRES A1B future scenario (2070?C2099). The model predicts an annual temperature increase of about 3°?C5° (smaller over the ocean and larger over the land), and an increase of annual precipitation over most of China north of 30°N and a decrease or little change in the rest of China, India and Indochina. For temperature-related extreme indicators in the future, the model predicts a generally longer growing season, more hot days in summer, and less frost days in winter. For precipitation-related extremes, the number of days with more than 10?mm of rainfall is predicted to increase north of 30°N and decrease in the south, and the maximum five-day rainfall amount and daily intensity will increase across the whole model domain. In addition, the maximum number of consecutive dry days is predicted to increase over most of the model domain, south of 40°N. Most of the Yangtze River Basin in China stands out as ??hotspots?? of extreme precipitation changes, with the strongest increases of daily rain intensity, maximum five-day rain amount, and the number of consecutive dry days, suggesting increased risks of both floods and droughts.     

Carbon pools and fluxes in the China Seas and adjacent oceans

The China Seas include the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea. Located off the Northwestern Pacific margin, covering 4700000 km~2 from tropical to northern temperate zones, and including a variety of continental margins/basins and depths, the China Seas provide typical cases for carbon budget studies. The South China Sea being a deep basin and part of the Western Pacific Warm Pool is characterized by oceanic features; the East China Sea with a wide continental shelf, enormous terrestrial discharges and open margins to the West Pacific, is featured by strong cross-shelf materials transport; the Yellow Sea is featured by the confluence of cold and warm waters; and the Bohai Sea is a shallow semiclosed gulf with strong impacts of human activities. Three large rivers, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Pearl River, flow into the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, and the South China Sea, respectively. The Kuroshio Current at the outer margin of the Chinese continental shelf is one of the two major western boundary currents of the world oceans and its strength and position directly affect the regional climate of China. These characteristics make the China Seas a typical case of marginal seas to study carbon storage and fluxes. This paper systematically analyzes the literature data on the carbon pools and fluxes of the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, including different interfaces(land-sea, sea-air, sediment-water, and marginal sea-open ocean) and different ecosystems(mangroves, wetland, seagrass beds, macroalgae mariculture, coral reefs, euphotic zones, and water column). Among the four seas, the Bohai Sea and South China Sea are acting as CO_2 sources, releasing about0.22 and 13.86–33.60 Tg C yr~(-1) into the atmosphere, respectively, whereas the Yellow Sea and East China Sea are acting as carbon sinks, absorbing about 1.15 and 6.92–23.30 Tg C yr~(-1) of atmospheric CO_2, respectively. Overall, if only the CO_2 exchange at the sea-air interface is considered, the Chinese marginal seas appear to be a source of atmospheric CO_2, with a net release of 6.01–9.33 Tg C yr~(-1), mainly from the inputs of rivers and adjacent oceans. The riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) input into the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea are 5.04, 14.60, and 40.14 Tg C yr~(-1),respectively. The DIC input from adjacent oceans is as high as 144.81 Tg C yr~(-1), significantly exceeding the carbon released from the seas to the atmosphere. In terms of output, the depositional fluxes of organic carbon in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea are 2.00, 3.60, 7.40, and 5.92 Tg C yr~(-1), respectively. The fluxes of organic carbon from the East China Sea and South China Sea to the adjacent oceans are 15.25–36.70 and 43.93 Tg C yr~(-1), respectively. The annual carbon storage of mangroves, wetlands, and seagrass in Chinese coastal waters is 0.36–1.75 Tg C yr~(-1), with a dissolved organic carbon(DOC) output from seagrass beds of up to 0.59 Tg C yr~(-1). Removable organic carbon flux by Chinese macroalgae mariculture account for 0.68 Tg C yr~(-1) and the associated POC depositional and DOC releasing fluxes are 0.14 and 0.82 Tg C yr~(-1), respectively. Thus, in total, the annual output of organic carbon, which is mainly DOC, in the China Seas is 81.72–104.56 Tg C yr~(-1). The DOC efflux from the East China Sea to the adjacent oceans is 15.00–35.00 Tg C yr~(-1). The DOC efflux from the South China Sea is 31.39 Tg C yr~(-1). Although the marginal China Seas seem to be a source of atmospheric CO_2 based on the CO_2 flux at the sea-air interface, the combined effects of the riverine input in the area, oceanic input, depositional export,and microbial carbon pump(DOC conversion and output) indicate that the China Seas represent an important carbon storage area.     

基于压力-状态-响应模型和多尺度管理的珠海市城市生物多样性恢复指标体系研究（英文）

生物多样性是一个系统性、整体性的概念,存在跨界、多尺度的管理问题。一方面,城市生态系统不是孤立的,而是与相邻城市、行政区相连的生态系统。城市生物多样性研究需要考虑生态系统的连续性。另一方面,城市生物多样性的主动保护和被动恢复策略不应仅由研究人员或市政府机构制定。更重要的是,有必要考虑多级管理部门的真实的生态系统管理问题,并将其纳入压力–状态–响应（PSR）模型。本文以多尺度现场调研和部门座谈的形式,结合遥感数据、土地利用数据、规划文本和图则等,对比分析珠海市生态系统现状、面临压力和应对生态问题的解决方案进行分析并总结出珠海市生态系统恢复的关键指标,以形成完整和更有效的城市生物多样性战略。本文发现,城市生态系统保护的实施效果和不同尺度的管理问题、资金需求等是否得到回应和满足,是否鼓励各利益相关者参与密切相关。不同尺度、不同地区的生态系统是否采取相同的生物多样性战略取决于该地区在全球或区域生态系统中是否具有同等重要性,生态元素是否与其他城市、地区的生态系统相连或者相邻,以及不同尺度多方利益相关者的关切问题是否相同等。     

山西地区ML≥3.0地震震源机制解研究

选取2007年至2010年ML≥3.0的49个地震,重点研究该时间段内山西发生的5次ML4.0以上的地震,通过snoke方法的计算结果,与仅用振幅比方法所得的结果进行对比分析,结果表明,snoke方法是可行的。     

黑龙江省农业气象服务效益调查分析

为了解掌握气象服务对农业行业发挥的作用、产生的社会经济效益,提高气象部门服务质量,改进服务方式,开展有针对性的为农业行业专门气象服务奠定坚实的基础。我们组织了农业气象服务效益调查分析,调查分析认为,2006年该省农业气象服务贡献率为0.0351,农业行业的气象服务效益值48.708亿元,农业行业对农业气象年景分析等气象服务比较敏感,也非常需求。这些结果对于社会各界认识气象服务的价值具有重要意义。     

利用热带测雨卫星的测雨雷达资料对1997/1998年ElNio后期热带太平洋降水结构的研究

利用热带测雨卫星的测雨雷达 (TRMMPR)的探测结果 ,对 1 997 1 998年ElNin～o后期热带太平洋的降水结构进行了研究 ,并对比了非ElNin～o的 1 999年和 2 0 0 0年的同期降水情况 ,取得如下结果 :( 1 ) 1 997 1 998ElNin～o后期与非ElNin～o期间相比 ,1 997 1 998ElNin～o后期 ,热带东、中太平洋层云降水和对流云降水的比例明显增大、平均降水率也增大 ,并且层云强降水的比例增多 ,而层云弱降水比例减少。 ( 2 )在非ElNin～o期间 ,热带东、中太平洋对流云降水系统较为浅薄 ,冻结层高度比西太平洋低约 0 5km ;而在 1 997 1 998ElNin～o后期 ,这种差异明显减小 ,热带东、中太平洋对流云降水和层云降水都变得深厚 ;对流云降水和层云降水的降水率随高度的变化也发生了变化。 ( 3)对大气环流的分析表明 ,对应于降水结构的变化 ,热带太平洋地区的高空辐合辐散分布也发生了改变 ,导致Walker环流在 1 997 1 998ElNin～o后期减弱。     

大理、理塘和林芝气象要素的日变化特征对比分析

用大理、理塘和林芝的地面自动气象站资料,对比分析3站气温、相对湿度、本站气压、瞬时风速、地面温度的日变化特征。结果表明：大理、理塘和林芝气温最低值和相对湿度最大值的出现时间分别为7时、7时左右和8时左右,气温最高值和相对湿度最小值出现的时间均在16时左右。3站气压日变化呈＂双峰双谷型,＂2个高峰值时段分别出现在10时左右和凌晨0～1时,2个低谷值时段分别出现在17时左右和5时左右。风速在凌晨至7时左右较低,之后至傍晚不断增大并出现极大值,日落后逐渐减小。3站地面温度7时左右出现最低值,14时左右出现最高值。从季节变化情况看,气温和地面温度出现最高值、最低值的月份及变化幅度最大的月份基本相同。地面温度增、降幅度最大的季节分别是春季、秋季。气压随季节变化幅度较气温、相对湿度小。初春风速较大,秋季风速较小,风速对相对湿度有一定影响,大理和林芝相对湿度出现最小值的月份与风速出现最大值的月份相同。各要素值基本是大理最大,林芝次之,理塘最小,这与3站的纬度、海拔高度和下垫面性质有关。     

山西数字测震台站雷击原因分析及防护措施研究

在详细分析雷电灾害特征的基础上,阐述了防雷工作的主要技术手段。分析山西数字测震台站2012年-2013年雷击灾害的成因,针对测震台站的构成特点,研究了台站综合防雷系统的设计方法,提出相应的防护技术措施。