IV. Bücher- und Zeitschriftenschau

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Eine Methode zur Bestimmungdes wahren Winkelsder optischen Achsen und des mittleren Hauptbrechungsquotienten zweiachsiger Minerale im Dünnschliff

Zusammenfassung Eine früher mitgeteilte Bestimmungsmethode des wahren Winkels der optischen Achsen und des mittleren Hauptbrechungsquotienten /ß mit Hilfe von Drehtischmessungen am Dünnschliff wird auf ihre Brauchbarkeit an Mineralien der Olivingruppe praktisch erprobt. Für senkrechten der nahezu senkrechten Austritt der Mittellinien werden einfache Berechnungsformeln abgeleitet und ihr Anwendungsbereich geprüft. An Olivinen verschiedener Herkunft wird der Fayalitgehalt optisch ermittelt und mit dem Ergebnis der quantitativen chemischen Analyse verglichen.Die Anwendbarkeit der Methode für ähnliche Bestimmungen an anderen, optisch zweiachsigen Mineralgruppen wird erwogen und in Ergänzung einer Methode von BuRRI besonders für rhombische Pyroxene vorgeschlagen.     

Die Bestimmung des optischen Schwerpunktes von Glühlicht-Filter-Kombinationen

Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur mikroskopischen Bestimmung des optischen Schwerpunktes von Glühlicht-Filter-Kombinationen mit Hilfe von Drehkompensatoren wird entwickelt und praktisch erprobt. Bei genügend engem spektralen Durchlässig-keitsbereich (z. B. Lifa-Filter Nr. 215 rot und Nr. 391 blau) ist die Bestimmung der Schwerpunktswellenlänge () bis auf Bruchteile von m möglich. Das Verfahren kann prinzipiell auf alle Lichtquellen ausgedehnt werden; deren Wellenlängen sich in genügend engen Spektralbereichen halten. Erforderlich ist lediglich die genaue Kenntnis der Kompensatorkonstanten für Na-Licht, welche am besten durch Eichung mit einer Na-Dampflampe bestimmt wird.     

Ecology of Nematodes in the Mediterranean Seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile 1. General Part and Faunistics of the Nematode Community

Abstract. The nematode fauna of the phytal region of a stand of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile was studied in a shallow subtidal location (5 m) at the island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy). During a one year's growth-cycle of the seagrass, abundance and faunal composition of the nematode community were investigated in a stratified sampling survey. Ninety seven species of nematodes were found. Nematode density and biomass ranged from 1.3 · 10⁵ indiv. · m^-2 (0.02g dwt · m^-2) in winter to 5.5 · 10⁵ indiv. · m^-2 (0.08 g dwt · m^-2) in early autumn. Density and biomass of nematodes were much lower and showed more marked seasonal fluctuations in the leaf strata than in the stem stratum of the seagrass. Diversity and seasonal homogeneity (expressed with Riedl 's index) were much lower in the two leaf strata (25–36 species, 29.6 ho%) than in the stem stratum (60–70 species, 42.5 ho%). The nematode community of the leaf stratum can be characterized as a Chromadora nudicapitata – Monhystrella sp. –Symplocostoma tenuicolle– community and is clearly set off from the stem stratum community (9.2% Riedl 's ho%), which is characterized as a Molgolaimus sp. 1 –Epsilonema sp. 1 –Chromadora nudicapitata– community. In the seasonal succession, the leaf stratum fauna shifts from a chromadorid-dominated community (from winter to summer) to a monhysterid-dominated community in early autumn. The stem stratum fauna shifts from a epsilonematid-dominated fauna in winter to a molgolaimid-dominated fauna in summer and early autumn. The distribution of nematode size classes showed a clear selection toward small animals (< 1 mm lenght), although marked seasonal fluctuations in size class distribution were observed. A modified approach for describing the trophic structure of the nematode fauna is presented. The observed abundance patterns and changes of community composition are discussed in relation to the development of habitat complexity and in relation to trophic conditions in the scagrass stand according to the seasonal growth rhythm of the plants and their aufwuchs-community.     

A Study in Ultra-Ecology: Microorganisms on the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) DELILE

Abstract. Microbial colonization on the leaves of a shoot of the mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) DELILE was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Methods of field ecology such as transect, random plot and stratified sampling survey were applied to the microbial niveau to gain both qualitative and quantitative information on the microbial assemblage. While macro-epiphytic growth was significantly greater on the outer leaf sides, microbial colonization density was significantly higher on the inner leaf sides, both on leaf surface and epiphyte surface. Diatoms colonized the surface of incrusting algae and epiphytic animals in significantly lower numbers than the Posidonia leaf surface and were absent on erect epiphytic algae. Bacterial densities on epiphyte surfaces even exceeded values of the corresponding leaf surfaces on algal thalli near the leaf tips and on old leaves. Diatoms reach highest mean density on mature leaves and close to the leaf tips, while bacteria reach their greatest density on the oldest leaf and closer to the leaf base. Diatom density in general increases with exposure time of plant surface, while greatest bacterial density was observed at 7–10 weeks exposure. Basal leaf parts on younger leaves were dominated by rod-shaped bacteria, while distal leaf parts and old leaves were dominated by small coccoid bacteria. Surfaces of epiphytic algae were always distinctly dominated by small coccoid bacteria, and edges of thalli attracted high microbial densities. Microbial biomass (calculated from cell volumes using standard conversion factors) amounts to 2.3 g dry weight m-² in the Posidonia stand where the shoot was sampled. The observed patterns of epiphytic colonization are interpreted as the result of a complex, dynamically changing system of interactions both within the epiphytic community and between the epiphytic community, the host plant, and it's environment. A model of the organization of the epiphytic community on Posidonia leaves is presented. “Ultra-ecology” is a term introduced to denote a type of SEM research in the micro-environment which is analogous to in situ investigation in “macroscopic” ecological work.     

Tackling the Sulfide Gradient: A Novel Strategy Involving Marine Nematodes and Chemoautotrophic Ectosymbionts

Abstract. The Stilbonemutinue (marine free-living nematodes) arc remarkable for cctosymbiotic bacteria, which cover the greatest part of their body in a highly ordered and species specific pattern. Using SEM we describe the main types of symbiotic cover and give evidence for the role of the bacteria in the nutrition of their host on the basis of stable carbon isotope ratios. In experimental systems the worms migrated repeatedly across a sulfide gradient during 12 h when sulfide concentrations were low, but stayed above the sulfide maximum at high concentrations. The migration across the chemocline exposes the symbionts alternately to reduced sulfur compounds and oxygen; this constitutes an alternative strategy to the ventilation/circulation systems in symbiotic macrofauna from sulfidic habitats.     

Magnetfeldanomalien in der Eifel

The magnetic anomalies over the Laach volcanics and in adjacent areas were interpreted by comparison with the fields of three-dimensional model bodies. In addition to an aeromagnetic survey, magnetic measurements were carried out on the ground and in the laboratory. Most of the model bodies in the Laach volcanic field require a thickness adjustment of only a few tens of meters to achieve a correlation of the magnetic model fields with the anomalies detected at ground level or at flight altitude.The three-dimensional model calculations did not yield any evidence for the existence of a deep-seated body which might be interpreted as a remnant magma chamber from which magma was explosively extruded during the eruption of the Laacher See volcano.The extensive positive magnetic anomaly near Ahrweiler is interpreted as being caused by a magnetized tabular body located at a depth of 8 km.The sharp bend of the isolines in the northeastern part of the Ahrweiler anomaly is a possible indication of the existence of magnetic rock at a maximum depth of 3–4 km. However, the rock need not necessarily occur in the form of a discrete body. The longitudinal axis of the model body lies on the line connecting the Siebengebirge with the Laach volcanic area.Two model body configurations have been developed for the magnetic anomaly near Kelberg. One of them consists of an upper part corresponding to the magma chamber of the Tertiary volcanics of the Hocheifel (high Eifel), and a lower part that can be regarded as a southern extension of the deep-seated body which is probably the source of the Ahrweiler anomaly. The other configuration represents a magnetized zone formed by thermal metamorphism due to an underlying plutonic body or by magma differentiation, possibly during the Paleozoic.

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Zusammenfassung Die Magnetfeldanomalien im Raum der Laacher Vulkanite und deren Umgebung wurden durch Vergleich mit den Feldern von dreidimensionalen Modellkörpern interpretiert. Dazu wurden außer der aeromagnetischen Vermessung auch ergänzende Magnetfeldmessungen am Boden sowie gesteinsmagnetische Messungen herangezogen. Für die Mehrzahl der Modellkörper im Laacher Vulkanfeld reicht eine Mächtigkeit von einigen Zehnermetern aus, um die magnetischen Modellfelder den gemessenen Anomalien in Boden- und Flugniveau anzugleichen.Die dreidimensionalen Modellrechnungen haben keinen Hinweis auf die Existenz eines tiefreichenden Körpers ergeben, der als Restkörper einer Magmenkammer, die bei der Eruption des Laacher Sees z. T. ausgeblasen wurde, gedeutet werden könnte.Der weiträumigen magnetisch positiven Anomalie bei Ahrweiler wird eine magnetisierte Platte in ca. 8 km Tiefe zugeordnet.In der engräumigen Krümmung der Isolinien im NE-Teil der Ahrweiler-Anomalie deutet sich magnetisches Gestein in maximal 3–4 km Tiefe an, das aber nicht unbedingt als ein kompakter Körper vorliegen muß. Die Längsachse des betreffenden Modellkörpers liegt in der Verbindungslinie von Siebengebirge und Laacher Vulkangebiet.Fur die magnetische Anomalie bei Kelberg sind zwei Modellkörperkonfigurationen erarbeitet worden — die eine besteht aus einem oberen Modellkörper, welcher der Magmenkammer des tertiären Hocheifelvulkanismus entspricht und aus einem unteren Körper, der als Erweiterung nach Süden des für die Ahrweiler-Anomalie angenommenen tiefen Körpers betrachtet werden kann. Die andere Konfiguration stellt eine magnetisierte Zone dar, die durch thermischen Kontakt mit einem darunterliegenden plutonischen Körper oder auch durch Magmendifferenzierung, möglicherweise im Paläozoikum, entstanden ist.

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Résumé Les anomalies magnétiques dans les volcanites du Laacher See et dans les régions avoisinantes ont été interprétées par comparaison avec les champs qu'engendreraient des corps-modèles tridimensionnels. Outre un levé aéromagnétique, des mesures complémentaires ont été effectuées sur le terrain et sur des échantillons de roches. Dans la région volcanique de Laach, la plupart des corps-modèles utilisés requièrent un ajustement en épaisseur qui ne dépasse pas quelques dizaines de mètres pour assurer la corrélation entre les champs magnétiques du modèle et les anomalies mesurées.Le calcul du modèle tridimensionnel n'a fourni aucune indication de l'existence d'un corps profond qui pourrait s'interpréter comme le reste d'une chambre magmatique, partiellement vidée par l'éruption du Laacher See.L'anomalie magnétique positive qui affecte une grande surface près d'Ahrweiler est interprétée comme due à un corps magnétique tabulaire situé à 8 km de profondeur.La courbure prononcée des isogrades dans la partie nord-est de l'anomalie d'Ahrweiler pourrait traduire la présence d'une roche magnétique à une profondeur maximale de 3 à 4 km. Cette roche ne doit cependant pas nécessairement se présenter sous la forme d'un corps individualisé. Le grand axe du corps magnétique modèle correspond à la ligne qui relie le Siebengebirge à la région de Laach.En ce qui concerne l'anomalie magnétique de Kelberg, deux configurations de corps-modèles ont été envisagées. La première consiste en un corps peu profond correspondant à la chambre magmatique du volcanisme tertiaire du Haut Eifel et en un corps plus profond qui pourrait être le prolongement vers le sud de celui qui serait responsable de l'anomalie d'Ahrweiler. L'autre configuration fait appel à une zone magnétique formée soit par le métamorphisme thermique engendré par une masse plutonique sousjacente, soit par une différenciation magmatique d'âge paléozoïque probable.

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δ53Cr values of catchment runoff exhibit seasonality regardless of bedrock Cr concentrations: Role of periodically changing chromium export fluxes

One pre-requisite for the construction of a global chromium isotope mass balance is detailed understanding of Cr isotope systematics in the critical zone where redox-processes can modify the isotope signature of geogenic Cr input into the hydrosphere. A Cr isotope inventory of bedrock, soil, and runoff was performed in a Central European headwater catchment underlain by amphibolite, situated in the vicinity of two previously studied catchments underlain by different bedrock types (serpentinite and leucogranite). Fresh bedrock in the amphibolite catchment NAZ contained ~300 mg/kg Cr, serpentinite at PLB contained ~800 mg/kg Cr, and leucogranite at LYS contained ~2 mg/kg Cr. Monthly hydrochemical monitoring at all three sites revealed higher Cr(VI) export fluxes in winter than in summer. NAZ was characterized by a distinct seasonality in the δ⁵³Cr values, with minima during winter/spring snowmelts (−0.35‰) and maxima during dry summers (0.40‰). Similar seasonality in δ⁵³Cr values had been reported from PLB and LYS. Bedrock at all three sites had similar Cr isotope composition close to −0.10‰, a value indistinguishable from the δ⁵³Cr value of bulk silicate Earth (BSE). Positive mean δ⁵³Cr value of NAZ runoff indicated Cr-isotope fractionations during weathering of geogenic Cr(III), combined with adsorption of the resulting Cr(VI) on soil particles during pedogenesis. However, the mass-weighted mean δ⁵³Cr of NAZ runoff was lower (−0.08‰), indistinguishable from the Cr isotope signature of bedrock. The same pattern of lower mass-weighted mean δ⁵³Cr values of runoff, compared to arithmetic mean δ⁵³Cr values of runoff, were observed also at PLB and LYS. We suggest that elevated Cr runoff fluxes in winter remove some of the residual isotopically light Cr that accumulated in the soil during summer. Seasonality in runoff δ⁵³Cr values appears to be a relatively widespread phenomenon, de-coupled from Cr availability for chemical weathering.     

Engineering Geological Properties of Building Stones from the North-Eastern Part of the Vienna Basin in the Western Carpathians

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - This research focuses on assessing the most important physical and mechanical properties of rocks that were quarried from the north-eastern part of the...