On the Influences of Urbanization on the Extreme Rainfall over Zhengzhou on 20 July 2021: A Convection-Permitting Ensemble Modeling Study

This study investigates the influences of urban land cover on the extreme rainfall event over the Zhengzhou city in central China on 20 July 2021 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a convection-permitting scale [1-km resolution in the innermost domain(d3)]. Two ensembles of simulation(CTRL, NURB), each consisting of 11 members with a multi-layer urban canopy model and various combinations of physics schemes, were conducted using different land cover scenarios:(i) the real urban ...     

On the Diurnal Cycle of Heavy Rainfall over the Sichuan Basin during 10–18 August 2020※

A sustained heavy rainfall event occurred over the Sichuan basin in southwest China during 10–18 August 2020, showing pronounced diurnal rainfall variations with nighttime peak and afternoon minimum values, except on the first day. Results show that the westward extension of the anomalously strong western Pacific subtropical high was conducive to the maintenance of a southerly low-level jet (LLJ) in and to the southeast of the basin, which favored continuous water vapor transport and abnormally high precipitable water in the basin. The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the basin was closely related to the periodic oscillation of the LLJ in both wind speed and direction that was caused by the combination of inertial oscillation and terrain thermal forcing. The nocturnally enhanced rainfall was produced by moist convection mostly initiated during the evening hours over the southwest part of the basin where high convective available potential energy with moister near-surface moist air was present. The convective initiation took place as cold air from either previous precipitating clouds from the western Sichuan Plateau or a larger-scale northerly flow met a warm and humid current from the south. It was the slantwise lifting of the warm, moist airflow above the cold air, often facilitated by southwest vortices and quasi-geostrophic ascent, that released the convective instability and produced heavy rainfall.     

Mass balance of mercury in the Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Basin is rich in mercury from natural and anthropogenic sources. During an extensive research from 2002–2005, measurements of different mercury forms were carried out in the Mediterranean Sea by the Italian research vessel Urania as a part of the Med Oceanor and MERCYMS projects funded by the EU Framework programme. Further on, transport and fate of mercury forms was simulated in water and air compartments by two different models, and an approximate coupling of both models was performed. The new 3-dimensional model PCFLOW3D was completed with the first version of a biogeochemical module which deals with various mercury species in dissolved and particulate forms. Exchange with the bottom and the atmosphere, methylation, demethylation, reduction and oxidation were taken into account. Based on the integrated hydrodynamic-atmospheric model and results of field measurements the mass balance of total mercury in the Mediterranean Sea was determined in order to estimate main sources and sinks and simulate future trends of mercury contamination in the Mediterranean. The following terms were taken into account: sources of mercury from major rivers and from point sources, exchange with the Atlantic Ocean and the Black Sea, estimated natural sources from geotectonic active areas in the sea, exchange with bottom sediments, and evasion to and deposition from the atmosphere.     

海上平台桶形基础模型负压沉贯试验数据处理与分析

海上平台桶形基础是一种新型海洋石油开发技术,其特点是利用负压将桶形基础贯入海底。本文介绍了单模型和四桶模型平台负压沉贯试验数据处理方法,对负压作用下桶形基础的沉贯过程进行了分析,探索出桶形基础平台机理现场条件下的沉贯方法。     

2009年冬季华北初雪对流层低层风场及 大气层结特征

对2009年冬季我同华北一次回流初雪天气进行了数值模拟和诊断分析,重点研究了与回流相关的对流层低层风场的动力热力作用以及大气层结特征.结果表明:初雪是存高空低压槽、低空回流切变线以及地面倒槽锋生的共同影响下产生的,降雪区域随着影响系统向东南方向移动而移动;对降雪起到重要动力作用的偏东风回流主要出现在850 hPa及以下层次,其发展一方面与偏西气流形成低空风场辐合线,有利于气流的上升运动,一方面在地形的共同作用下,形成偏南风;偏南风的形成有利于暖空气向降雪区域输送,而暖平流与强冷空气相遇引起了锋生;偏东风回流除了起到重要的动力作用外,热力作用也很明显,其对降雪区域的水汽辐合起到了主要作用;在降雪发生时,对流层低层有明显的降温过程,大气边界层温度降到了0℃以下,850 hPa温度降至-5℃左右,该结果表明冬季关注数值模式模拟的对流层低层温度层结特征,将有助于对降水性质做出更准确的预报.     

2009年度大气科学领域项目评审与研究成果分析

1 2009年项目申请、送审与资助情况 2009年地球科学五处共受理各类项目768项(表1),其中,面上项目382项,青年科学基金254项,地区科学基金37项,上述3类项目共673项;"天气与气候系统变化过程与机制"优先发展领域重点项目18项(均为大气学科),"全球变化及其区域响应"优先发展领域重点项目41项(其中大气学科11项);国家杰出青年科学基金24项,海外及港澳学者合作研究基金5项,共计29项;创新研究群体科学基金3项;科学仪器专项基金3项;联合资助基金1项.     

2005年6月广东锋前暖区暴雨β中尺度系统特征的诊断与模拟研究

通过对雷达、卫星、地面等观测资料的诊断分析以及数值模拟研究, 对2005年6月广东 (粤中) 地区特大持续性暴雨的β中尺度系统进行了研究, 得出以下结果: (1) β中尺度系统是该次广东持续性暴雨的直接制造者, 当地的喇叭口地形非常有利于β中尺度系统的触发与维持。β中尺度系统发展初期有一些更小的γ中尺度系统的活动, 它们形成带状, 逐渐发展合并为β中尺度系统。 (2) 在较为成功的模拟的基础上, 采用模式输出资料对β中尺度对流雨团P作了仔细分析, 结果显示低层对应风场的辐合, 高层对应风场的辐散, 这种高低空散度场配置非常有利于强降水的产生和维持, β中尺度雨团中心对应着上升运动, 而在雨团北侧有弱下沉气流的补偿。引起降水的β中尺度系统多位于锋前暖区的相对更暖区域。 (3) 在同一次暴雨过程中, 粤桂两地同处锋前暖区, 对其风场上的异同点作了比较。共同点是低层均存在风场的辐合。但广西为风速辐合, 辐合中心具移动性, 而广东为风向辐合, 有明显辐合线, 辐合中心, 稳定少动。 (4) 地面辐合线上的扰动以及地面较强的温湿对比区的热力作用对于β中尺度系统的触发可能有重要的影响。地面资料提供了很有用的信息, 是一种重要的工具。 (5) 在此基础上提出了锋前暖区中尺度对流系统及地形、地面风、温、湿分布对其影响的概念模型。     

Temporal cycles of karst denudation in northwest Georgia,U.S.A.

Time patterns of karst denudation in northwest Georgia (U.S.A.) were investigated at three spring sites for 12 months and at five stream sites for 10 years. Rainfall was evenly distributed and showed no significant seasonality. At the springs, as well as the streams, water hardness was largely controlled by discharge. At the springs, soil pCO₂ and water pH were strongly correlated (r + -0·69 to -0·83). Solute transport in spring waters was highly seasonal, with two conduit flow springs removing more limestone in the winter, and the diffuse flow spring removing more during the growing season. At the stream sites, most denudation occurred during the winter and spring seasons, and least during the summer. Fourier analysis showed that variations in denudation occur on deterministic (long-wave) as well as stochastic (shortwave) time scales. As contributing variables, discharge varied in short-wave and long-wave cycles, whereas soil pCO₂ showed only a long-wave cycle. The 12 month deterministic cycles were the most important, with changes in discharge taking precedence over soil pCO₂. Time series regression explains up to 69 per cent of changes in denudation through rain and soil pCO₂. Time cycles in available water are the key controlling factor of denudation, and amounts of available soil CO₂ may not be as important in the temporal patterns of karst downwearing as has been believed previously.     

地形、冷池出流和暖湿空气相互作用造成北京一次局地强降水的观测分析

利用地面和探空常规探测资料、多普勒天气雷达以及风廓线雷达资料,对2015年8月7日发生于北京的一次伴随有闪电和冰雹的突发性局地强降水过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明:这次过程发生在强层结不稳定环境中,对流层中层低槽配合低层切变线,促进河北西北部对流发展,并向东南方向移动,形成北京西北部短时强降水;北京中部地区强降水的直接制造者则是新生的局地性雷暴单体,由雷暴冷池出流和暖湿空气在边界层交绥和辐合所触发。北京西北部地形促使冷池出流下山速度加快、冷池出流高度抬高,以及偏东暖湿气流的辐合抬升作用,则是局地雷暴新生的重要影响因子。