水中荧光计在高混浊水域中的混合扩散实验应用

为了研究长江水域污染物质的输运和扩散规律，作者利用研制成功的水中荧光计在该水域进行了混合扩散实验。该仪器在高混浊水作中对罗丹明B的浓度检测范围为1×10－9～5×10-5g／cm3，精确度≤±10％。本文着重论述使用水中荧光计和荧光示踪染料在流速大、混浊度高的长江九江江段和镇江江段进行水体混合扩散测量实验的情况，结果令人满意，为我国的高混浊水体混合扩散实验研究提供了新的手段和方法。     

Evaluation of the LISEM soil erosion model in two catchments in the East African Highlands

Under increasing population pressure, soil erosion has become a threat in the East African Highlands, and erosion modelling can be useful to quantify this threat. To test its applicability for this region, the LISEM soil erosion model was applied to two small catchments, one in the Usumbara Mountains, Tanzania, and the other on the slopes of Mount Kenya. Input data for the model were collected in both catchments, as were data on runoff and erosion that were used for calibration and validation of the model. LISEM was first calibrated on catchment outlet data, and afterwards simulated spatial patterns of erosion were compared to available erosion data. The results showed that LISEM can, after calibration, give good discharge predictions for some events, but not for all. However, LISEM generally overpredicted soil loss from the catchments. Comparison with observed erosion patterns did not show overprediction, but according to the model, erosion was more widespread than was observed. There are several reasons for these discrepancies. First, it is difficult to obtain enough accurate data to run the model, such as accurate maps, rainfall data and soil and plant characteristics. Second, it is also difficult to obtain accurate data to evaluate the performance of the model, either for the catchment outlet or spatially, therefore observed erosion rates are also uncertain. Third, the model could not deal correctly with complex events, i.e. those having double rainfall peaks, and might also have difficulties with catchment characteristics such as soil type and the complexity of land use. Finally, LISEM could not deal with events in which throughflow or baseflow played a role, which was to be expected since those processes are not simulated by LISEM. Nevertheless, LISEM could be calibrated to give good discharge predictions for some events, and also gave reasonable results when compared to data obtained from erosion plots. Furthermore, only complex, distributed, storm‐based models such as LISEM can give spatial predictions for single storms. Therefore, it is concluded that if the aim is spatial prediction on an event basis, there is no alternative to complex erosion models such as LISEM, but if the aim is to predict average annual erosion, the data‐demanding, physically based LISEM erosion model may not be the most appropriate model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Consequences of hyperconcentrated flow for process‐based soil erosion modelling on the Chinese Loess Plateau

High sediment concentrations in runoff are a characteristic feature of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and are probably caused by factors such as the occurrence of erodible materials on steep slopes, the characteristics of the loess and the harsh climate that results in low plant cover. When sediment concentration increases, fluid density increases, viscosity increases and settling velocity decreases. These effects become increasingly important with increasing concentration and can result in flow behaviour that is quite different from that of clear water flow. Although the net effect of these changes on the flow is not always apparent, erosion models that deal with high sediment concentrations should consider such effects and could include corrections for some of these effects. A case study in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau indicated that sediment concentrations were considerable, and literature data suggested that for such sediment concentrations, corrections for settling velocity, fluid density and viscosity are needed. Furthermore, a number of corrections are necessary to be able to compare field measurements with results of soil erosion models: sediment volume should be subtracted from runoff volume and a density correction is needed to use data from a pressure transducer. For flumes that were used to measure discharge from smaller areas inside the catchment, the measured water level should be corrected by subtracting the sediment level in the flume from the water level, while the sediment volume should also be subtracted from the discharge. Finally, measured concentration should be corrected to give concentration expressed as grams per litre of clear water, since soil erosion models express sediment concentration in this way. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桶形基础模型负压沉贯的土工技术试验研究

介绍了桶形基础模型的结构,现场原土配置的模型基土以及桶形基础模型在模型基土中的负压沉贯试验,试验中所获得的土工技术经验对海上平台桶形基础的设计和现场安装就位施工有一定的指导作用。     

Assessing the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation cover as an indicator of desertification in Egypt using multi-temporal MODIS satellite images

Desertification is the major environmental threat in the arid and semiarid regions. The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was used as an indicator to monitor the desertification change in Egypt. A multi-temporal satellite data of moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer were used to estimate SAVI and land surface temperature. Also, Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 and climatic data were used for the analysis. This research focuses on assessing the trend of the vegetation cover change in the seasons of January, March, June, September, and December for the years 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2011. The magnitude of the vegetation cover change in periods 2002–2005, 2005–2008, and 2008–2011 at ≤100 and >100 m elevation was analyzed. A major increase in the vegetation cover that occurred in the period 2002–2005 was about 3,400 km², as a result of two national megaprojects (Toshka Project and El-Salam Canal). In contrast, vegetation cover decreased by 5,500 km² in March during the period 2005–2008, coinciding with the period when the management of the megaprojects failed. Vegetation cover changed again by 1,500 km² in the period of 2008–2011, and the vegetated areas in the Nile Delta were affected by the sea level rising which was responsible for the soil salinization. Three sites were chosen in this investigation (Kom Ombo, El-Oweinat, and Nile Delta) in order to observe the difference of desertification dynamics and to understand the relationship between the vegetation cover distribution and other environmental variables. Anti-desertification policies and advanced agricultural management are highly required in Egypt to decrease any environmental crises and food shortage.     

多参数拖曳荧光计系统现场实验研究

本文描述了多参数拖曳荧光计系统在船模水池和海上进行拖体水动力特性试验,得出：在１０ｋｎ以内的任意拖曳速度均能水平稳定拖曳,而纵倾角≤±２　的拖点位置;拖索张力Ｔ与拖体速度　之间的关系为Ｔ＝４７十３１．８　２．０８;拖曳速度为１０ｋｎ时,水动迫沉力约为９５０ｋｇｆ,升阻比约为２．４～２．５,满足了拖曳系统的迫沉要求。海上性能试验与应用实验表明：该拖曳系统的荧光传感器对水体、荧光示踪染料、悬浮颗粒物具有很高的分辨率;对罗丹明Ｂ水溶液的浓度检测范围为１×１０－７～１×１０－３ｍｇ／ｄｍ３;对悬浮物的浓度检测范围为２～２０００ｍｇ／ｄｍ３,使该系统广泛地用于海洋环境检测和评价工程任务中。     

Monitoring land use/land cover change using multi-temporal Landsat satellite images in an arid environment: a case study of El-Arish,Egypt

Environment in arid conditions is dynamic and needs more investigation to understand the complexity of change. This spatiotemporal study will help to assess and monitor the land use and land cover change in the arid region of El-Arish area, where the climate and human activities are the major threats to rural development. In the past 11 years, dramatic changes of environment have been recorded in case studies. The post-classification comparison method was used to observe the changes using multi-temporal satellite images which were captured in the years 1999, 2001, 2005, and 2010. The overall accuracy of the produced thematic images was assessed regarding to the quantity and allocation disagreements. Five classes were defined in this investigation: bare soil, vegetation, urban, sand dunes, and fertile soil. From the year 1999 to 2010, fertile soil was increased by 13 %. Bare soil class occupied more than 50 % of land in the case study during for over a decade. From year 1999 to 2010, vegetation cover witnessed a dramatic increase. Soil and water management are the keys of land development and positive land use and land cover dynamics. Changing agricultural policies of using the available water resources are needed in the case study to prevent severe food shortage in the future.     

2008年华南前汛期致洪暴雨特征及其对比分析

着重对2008年华南前汛期持续性致洪暴雨的降水特征及成因进行了天气尺度的研究,并且对比分析了其与20世纪90年代以来华南前汛期洪灾较为严重的几年(1994、1998和2005年)的降水和环流场特征异同,主要得到以下结果:(1)根据影响系统和雨区分布的不同,将2008年华南前汛期降水过程分为4个阶段.第1阶段(5月26-...     

Quantification of Aquatic Nano Particles after Different Steps of Bodensee Water Purification with Laser‐induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD)

The laser‐induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is a very sensitive method for the direct detection of colloids based on the plasma generation on single particles by a focused, pulsed laser beam and the detection of the produced shock wave or plasma light emission. For the determination of colloid sizes the light emission of single plasmas is detected by a microscope CCD‐camera system. With known mean particle diameter and breakdown probability the particle concentration can be calculated. The application of the LIBD to monitor the change of colloid concentration and size during the purification steps of drinking water at the Bodensee (Lake Constance, Germany) water purification plant is shown. The breakdown probability, correlating to colloid number density, decreases with every purification step. By addition of FeCl₃ as a precipitating agent and with an additional filtration step, not only suspended matter, but also colloids are effectively removed. After this process a remaining particle concentration of 50 ng/L and a mean particle diameter of 27 nm are found.